{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:41:27Z","timestamp":1790736087419,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI120601, AI058134, AI10454, AI055433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI120601, AI058134, AI10454, AI055433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL007741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL007741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17SDG33350092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17SDG33350092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM049530, GM118079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM049530, GM118079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007188","name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major opportunistic bacterial pathogen of increasing clinical relevance. A substantial body of experimental evidence suggests that early biofilm formation plays a critical role in these infections, as well as in colonization and persistence in the GI tract as a commensal member of the microbiome in most terrestrial animals. Animal models of experimental endocarditis generally involve inducing mechanical valve damage by cardiac catheterization prior to infection, and it has long been presumed that endocarditis vegetation formation resulting from bacterial attachment to the endocardial endothelium requires some pre-existing tissue damage. Here we review both historical and contemporary animal model studies demonstrating the robust ability of\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to directly attach and form stable microcolony biofilms encased within a bacterially-derived extracellular matrix on the undamaged endovascular endothelial surface. We also discuss the morphological similarities when these biofilms form on other host tissues, including when\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonizes the GI epithelium as a commensal member of the normal vertebrate microbiome - hiding in plain sight where it can serve as a source for systemic infection\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    translocation. We propose that these phenotypes may allow the organism to persist as an undetected infection in asymptomatic individuals and thus provide an infectious reservoir for later clinical endocarditis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.722482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T14:34:55Z","timestamp":1630679695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Enterococcal Endocarditis: Hiding in Plain Sight"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aaron M. T.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristi L.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Dunny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)31538-6","article-title":"A Study of the Streptococci Pathogenic for Man","volume":"2","author":"Andrewes","year":"1906","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45441-3","article-title":"Intestinal Translocation of Enterococci Requires a Threshold Level of Enterococcal Overgrowth in the Lumen","volume":"9","author":"Archambaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2761","article-title":"The Rise of the Enterococcus: Beyond Vancomycin Resistance","volume":"10","author":"Arias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01688-08","article-title":"Functional Genomics of Enterococcus faecalis: Multiple Novel Genetic Determinants for Biofilm Formation in the Core Genome","volume":"191","author":"Ballering","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1208890","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis Readily Colonizes the Entire Gastrointestinal Tract and Forms Biofilms in a Germ-Free Mouse Model","volume":"8","author":"Barnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis Colonizes and Forms Persistent Biofilm Microcolonies on Undamaged Endothelial Surfaces in a Rabbit Endovascular Infection Model","author":"Barnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbes"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R110","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-7-r110","article-title":"Large Scale Variation in Enterococcus faecalis Illustrated by the Genome Analysis of Strain OG1RF","volume":"9","author":"Bourgogne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009021","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Cardiac Microlesion Formation During Severe Bacteremic Infection","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa371","article-title":"Cardiac Microlesions Form During Severe Bacteremic Enterococcus faecalis Infection","volume":"223","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14396","article-title":"Enterococcal Bacteraemia \u2018Silent But Deadly\u2019: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"50","author":"Cabiltes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0107-z","article-title":"Biofilm-Associated Infection by Enterococci","volume":"17","author":"Ch\u2019ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.11.2474","article-title":"Plasmid-Associated Hemolysin and Aggregation Substance Production Contribute to Virulence in Experimental Enterococcal Endocarditis","volume":"37","author":"Chow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01963632","article-title":"Movable Genetic Elements and Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci","volume":"9","author":"Clewell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.059","article-title":"Prevalence of Infective Endocarditis in Enterococcus faecalis Bacteremia","volume":"74","author":"Dahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1996.01430150116021","article-title":"Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococci and the Changing Face of Surgical Infections","volume":"131","author":"de Vera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(93)90125-R","article-title":"Infection and Antibiotic Therapy in 4000 Burned Patients Treated in Milan, Italy, Between 1976 and 1988","volume":"19","author":"Donati","year":"1993","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0014-2016","article-title":"Enterococci and Their Interactions With the Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"5","author":"Dubin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Enterococcal Biofilm Structure and Role in Colonization and Disease. 2014 Feb 14","volume-title":"Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection","author":"Dunny","year":"2014"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.4.871-876.1995","article-title":"Pheromone-Inducible Conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis: Interbacterial and Host-Parasite Chemical Communication","volume":"177","author":"Dunny","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"44","article-title":"Experimental Bacterial Endocarditis. I. Colonization of a Sterile Vegetation","volume":"53","author":"Durack","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"50","article-title":"Experimental Bacterial Endocarditis. II. Survival of a Bacteria in Endocardial Vegetations","volume":"53","author":"Durack","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"142","article-title":"Experimental Bacterial Endocarditis. III. Production and Progress of the Disease in Rabbits","volume":"54","author":"Durack","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1253446","article-title":"Development of the Endothelium: An Emphasis on Heterogeneity","volume":"36","author":"Dyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04117-x","article-title":"Secular Trends in the Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis at a Referral Center, (2007-2018)","volume":"40","author":"Escol\u00e0-Verg\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0247","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis: What\u2019s Next","volume":"15","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Hidalgo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1629236","article-title":"Mechanisms and Consequences of Gut Commensal Translocation in Chronic Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Fine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05964-11","article-title":"Use of Recombinase-Based In Vivo Expression Technology to Characterize Enterococcus faecalis Gene Expression During Infection Identifies In Vivo-Expressed Antisense RNAs and Implicates the Protease Eep in Pathogenesis","volume":"80","author":"Frank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01210-12","article-title":"AhrC and Eep are Biofilm Infection-Associated Virulence Factors in Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"81","author":"Frank","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00118","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00118-19","article-title":"Biofilms 2018: A Diversity of Microbes and Mechanisms","volume":"201","author":"Fuqua","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00008","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00008-19","article-title":"Adaptation to Adversity: The Intermingling of Stress Tolerance and Pathogenesis in Enterococci","volume":"83","author":"Gaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00454863","article-title":"Identification of Aggregation Substances of Enterococcus faecalis Cells After Induction by Sex Pheromones. An Immunological and Ultrastructural Investigation","volume":"151","author":"Galli","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009222","article-title":"A Novel Sialic Acid-Binding Adhesin Present in Multiple Species Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis","volume":"17","author":"Gayt\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.10.2.173","article-title":"Antibiotic Therapy of Bacterial Endocarditis. VI. Subacute Enterococcal Endocarditis; Clinical, Pathologic and Therapeutic Consideration of 33 Cases","volume":"10","author":"Geraci","year":"1954","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809603000610","article-title":"Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci","volume":"30","author":"Gin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1279766","article-title":"Model Systems for the Study of Enterococcal Colonization and Infection","volume":"8","author":"Goh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12686","article-title":"A Short History of Microbial Biofilms and Biofilm Infections","volume":"125","author":"H\u00f8iby","year":"2017","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-010-9642-8","article-title":"Development of the Endocardium","volume":"31","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00239-13","article-title":"Biofilms 2012: New Discoveries and Significant Wrinkles in a Dynamic Field","volume":"195","author":"Haussler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00332-10","article-title":"Biofilms 2009: New Perspectives at the Heart of Surface-Associated Microbial Communities","volume":"192","author":"Haussler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17600.x","article-title":"Biochemical, Immunological and Ultrastructural Characterization of Aggregation Substances Encoded by Enterococcus faecalis Sex-Pheromone Plasmids","volume":"211","author":"Hirt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16059","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.59","article-title":"Infective Endocarditis","volume":"2","author":"Holland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.09.012","article-title":"Mature Biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are Highly Resistant to Antibiotics","volume":"84","author":"Holmberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04875-3","article-title":"The","volume":"7","author":"Jamet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1710990406","article-title":"The Experimental Production of Streptococcal Endocarditis in the Pig","volume":"99","author":"Jones","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"990","article-title":"Experimental Bacterial Endocarditis in the Pig","volume":"65","author":"Jones","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801509010014","article-title":"Spread of Enterococcal Surface Protein in Antibiotic Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolates From Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"9","author":"Kafil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-013-0346-0","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Infective Endocarditis","volume":"15","author":"Keynan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.14740\/gr996w","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis and Colorectal Carcinoma: Case of New Association Gaining Ground","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-309059","article-title":"Antibiotics Promote Inflammation Through the Translocation of Native Commensal Colonic Bacteria","volume":"65","author":"Knoop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2006.08.003","article-title":"Development of a Host-Genotype-Independent Counterselectable Marker and a High-Frequency Conjugative Delivery System and Their Use in Genetic Analysis of","volume":"57","author":"Kristich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enterococcus faecalis. Plasmid."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.10.5837-5849.2005","article-title":"Development of a Method for Markerless Genetic Exchange in Enterococcus faecalis and Its Use in Construction of a srtA Mutant","volume":"71","author":"Kristich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02665-07","article-title":"Development and Use of an Efficient System for Random Mariner Transposon Mutagenesis to Identify Novel Genetic Determinants of Biofilm Formation in the Core Enterococcus faecalis Genome","volume":"74","author":"Kristich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","article-title":"Enterococcus Diversity, Origins in Nature, and Gut Colonization","volume-title":"Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection","author":"Lebreton","year":"2014"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107282","article-title":"A Widely Used In Vitro Biofilm Assay has Questionable Clinical Significance for Enterococcal Endocarditis","volume":"9","author":"Leuck","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i21.2768","article-title":"Gut Microbiome in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Little","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801711010001","article-title":"Virulence Factors Associated With Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis: A Mini Review","volume":"11","author":"Madsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Microbiol. J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7201","article-title":"Translocation of a Gut Pathobiont Drives Autoimmunity in Mice and Humans","volume":"359","author":"Manfredo Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00269","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00269-18","article-title":"Expression of Adhesive Pili and the Collagen-Binding Adhesin Ace is Activated by argR Family Transcription Factors in Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"200","author":"Manias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960210211","article-title":"A Novel Source of Enterococcal Endocarditis","volume":"21","author":"Milbrandt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.04.013","article-title":"Acute Infective Endocarditis","volume":"23","author":"McDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47331-0","article-title":"Biofilm Formation by Enterococci","volume":"56","author":"Mohamed","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.1.46","article-title":"The Life and Times of the Enterococcus","volume":"3","author":"Murray","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29021","article-title":"Endocarditis and Biofilm-Associated Pili of Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"116","author":"Nallapareddy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Enterococci: Susceptibility Patterns and Therapeutic Options","author":"Nicoletti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.6.1549","article-title":"A Plasmid-Encoded Surface Protein on Enterococcus faecalis Augments Its Internalization by Cultured Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"170","author":"Olmsted","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7665","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.23.7665-7672.1991","article-title":"Role of the Pheromone-Inducible Surface Protein Asc10 in Mating Aggregate Formation and Conjugal Transfer of the Enterococcus faecalis Plasmid Pcf10","volume":"173","author":"Olmsted","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.11.001","article-title":"Optimizing Future Treatment of Enterococcal Infections: Attacking the Biofilm","volume":"20","author":"Paganelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410130103010","article-title":"Cephalosporins as Risk Factor for Nosocomial Enterococcus faecalis Bacteremia. A Matched Case-Control Study","volume":"153","author":"Pallares","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00153-10","article-title":"High-Quality Draft Genome Sequences of 28 Enterococcus Sp. Isolates","volume":"192","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002008","article-title":"Ultralarge Von Willebrand Factor Fibers Mediate Luminal Staphylococcus aureus Adhesion to an Intact Endothelial Cell Layer Under Shear Stress","volume":"128","author":"Pappelbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.14.4427-4440.2004","article-title":"Biofilms 2003: Emerging Themes and Challenges in Studies of Surface-Associated Microbial Life","volume":"186","author":"Parsek","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00614","article-title":"Significance of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus Association With Colorectal Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Pasquereau-Kotula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080613","article-title":"Role of Mobile DNA in the Evolution of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"299","author":"Paulsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"306","article-title":"Enterococcal Bacteremia in a Medical Center","volume":"54","author":"Peng","year":"1994","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei)"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.06.056","article-title":"Prevalence of Colorectal Neoplasms Among Patients With Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis in the GAMES Cohort, (2008-2017)","volume":"96","author":"Peric\u00e0s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.047","article-title":"A Contemporary Picture of Enterococcal Endocarditis","volume":"75","author":"Peric\u00e0s","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8081118","article-title":"Enterococci, From Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen","volume":"8","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26939","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.38.26939","article-title":"Ace is a Collagen-Binding MSCRAMM From Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"274","author":"Rich","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-34-1-31","article-title":"Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus Faecium to the Genus Enterococcus Nom. Rev. As Enterococcus faecalis Comb. Nov. And Enterococcus Faecium Comb. Nov","volume":"34","author":"Schleifer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.1.218-223.1998","article-title":"Aggregation and Binding Substances Enhance Pathogenicity in Rabbit Models of Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis","volume":"66","author":"Schlievert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044913","article-title":"Incidence, Microbiology, and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Infective Endocarditis","volume":"141","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.2.195-200.1990","article-title":"Serological Response in Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis Determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","volume":"28","author":"Shorrock","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068813","article-title":"Contribution of Individual Ebp Pilus subunits of Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF to Pilus Biogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"8","author":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1086\/517524","article-title":"Importance of the ebp (Endocarditis- and Biofilm-Associated Pilus) Locus in the Pathogenesis of Enterococcus faecalis Ascending Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"195","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4194","article-title":"Translocation and Dissemination of Commensal Bacteria in Post-Stroke Infection","volume":"22","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00543","article-title":"Impact of von Willebrand Factor on Bacterial Pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Steinert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.01.013","article-title":"Overcoming the Challenge of Establishing Biofilms In Vivo: A Roadmap for Enterococci","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2010-2015.2002","article-title":"Evidence That the Enterococcal Polysaccharide Antigen Gene (Epa) Cluster Is Widespread in Enterococcus faecalis and Influences Resistance to Phagocytic Killing of E. faecalis","volume":"70","author":"Teng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4936","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01118-09","article-title":"Gelatinase Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Endocarditis Caused by Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"78","author":"Thurlow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5199.640","article-title":"Natural History of Streptococcus faecalis Endocarditis","volume":"2","author":"Toh","year":"1960","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"B91","first-page":"37","article-title":"Experimental Models of Endocarditis","volume-title":"Infective Endocarditis","author":"Tunkel","year":"1992"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/122.1-2.89","article-title":"Experimental Bacterial Endocarditis in the Opossum (Didelphis virginiana). II. Induction of Endocarditis With a Single Injection of Streptococcus viridans","volume":"122","author":"Vakilzadeh","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00156-16","article-title":"Biofilms 2015: Multidisciplinary Approaches Shed Light Into Microbial Life on Surfaces","volume":"198","author":"Visick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B94","first-page":"279","article-title":"A Study of the Endocardial Lesions Developing During Pneumococcus Infection in Horses","volume":"39","author":"Wadsworth","year":"1919","journal-title":"J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.06.110190.001245","article-title":"Cell Biology of von Willebrand Factor","volume":"6","author":"Wagner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.1.82","article-title":"Evidence for the Translocation of Enterococcus faecalis Across the Mouse Intestinal Tract","volume":"162","author":"Wells","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.10.4207-4215.1997","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis Antigens in Human Infections","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1149-1154.2004","article-title":"Translocation of Enterococcus faecalis Strains Across a Monolayer of Polarized Human Enterocyte-Like T84 Cells","volume":"42","author":"Zeng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.722482\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T14:35:06Z","timestamp":1630679706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.722482\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.722482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.722482","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"article-number":"722482"}}