{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:23:29Z","timestamp":1791933809298,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resistance of the human pathogenic fungus <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic> to antifungal agents is on the rise. However, links between patient infections, their potential acquisition from local environmental sources, and links to global diversity remain cryptic. Here, we used genotyping analyses using nine microsatellites in <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>, in order to study patterns of diversity in France. In this study, we genotyped 225 local <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> isolates, 112 azole susceptible and 113 azole resistant, collected from the Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9 region (Eastern France) and sampled from both clinical (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 34) and environmental (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 191) sources. Azole-resistant clinical isolates (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 29) were recovered mainly from cystic fibrosis patients and environmental isolates (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 84) from market gardens and sawmills. In common with previous studies, the TR<jats:sub>34<\/jats:sub>\/L98H allele predominated and comprised 80% of resistant isolates. The genotypes obtained for these local TR<jats:sub>34<\/jats:sub>\/L98H isolates were integrated into a broader analysis including all genotypes for which data are available worldwide. We found that dominant local TR<jats:sub>34<\/jats:sub>\/L98H genotypes were isolated in different sample types at different dates (different patients and types of environments) with hospital air and patient\u2019s isolates linked. Therefore, we are not able to rule out the possibility of some nosocomial transmission. We also found genotypes in these same environments to be highly diverse, emphasizing the highly mixed nature of <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> populations. Identical clonal genotypes were found to occur both in the French Eastern region and in the rest of the world (notably Australia), while others have not yet been observed and could be specific to our region. Our study demonstrates the need to integrate patient, healthcare, and environmental sampling with global databases in order to contextualize the local-scale epidemiology of antifungal resistant aspergillosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.729476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T10:36:23Z","timestamp":1632911783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in France Shows Patient and Healthcare Links to Environmentally Occurring Genotypes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Steffi","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Sewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Valot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Godeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Laboissiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Millon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00536","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00536-15","article-title":"Genomic Context of Azole Resistance Mutations in Aspergillus Fumigatus Determined Using Whole-Genome Sequencing","volume":"6","author":"Abdolrasouli","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.08.004","article-title":"High Prevalence of Triazole Resistance in Clinical Aspergillus Fumigatus Isolates in a Specialist Cardiothoracic Centre","volume":"52","author":"Abdolrasouli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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