{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:25:32Z","timestamp":1785907532243,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study explores the SARS-CoV-2 drugable target inhibition efficacy of phytochemicals from Indian medicinal plants using molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and MM-PBSA analysis. A total of 130 phytochemicals were screened against SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-protein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and Main protease (M<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>). Result of molecular docking showed that Isoquercetin potentially binds with the active site\/protein binding site of the Spike, RdRP, and Mpro targets with a docking score of -8.22, -6.86, and -9.73 kcal\/mole, respectively. Further, MS\u00a03, 7-Hydroxyaloin B, 10-Hydroxyaloin A, showed -9.57, -7.07, -8.57 kcal\/mole docking score against Spike, RdRP, and M<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup> targets respectively. The MD simulation was performed to study the favorable confirmation and energetically stable complex formation ability of Isoquercetin and 10-Hydroxyaloin A phytochemicals in M<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>-unbound\/ligand bound\/standard inhibitor bound system. The parameters such as RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, Hydrogen-bond formation, energy landscape, principal component analysis showed that the lead phytochemicals form stable and energetically stabilized complex with the target protein. Further, MM-PBSA analysis was performed to compare the Gibbs free energy of the M<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>-ligand bound and standard inhibitor bound complexes. The analysis revealed that the His-41, Cys145, Met49, and Leu27 amino acid residues were majorly responsible for the lower free energy of the complex. Drug likeness and physiochemical properties of the test compounds showed satisfactory results. Taken together, the study concludes that that the Isoquercetin and 10-Hydroxyaloin A phytochemical possess significant efficacy to bind SARS-Cov-2 M<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup> active site. The study necessitates further <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> experimental validation of these lead phytochemicals to assess their anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.730288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T06:18:32Z","timestamp":1628749112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Identification of Natural Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2 Drugable Targets Using Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and MM-PBSA Approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Prem Prakash","family":"Kushwaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akansha","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumari Sunita","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Shuaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashank","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061767","article-title":"Identification of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Spike Protein Inhibitors From the Genus Aloe: An In Silico Study for Drug Development","volume":"26","author":"Abouelela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2015.06.001","article-title":"GROMACS: High Performance Molecular Simulations Through Multi-Level Parallelism From Laptops to Supercomputers","volume":"1","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-021-00682-7","article-title":"Molecular Docking and ADMET Studies of Allium Cepa, Azadirachta Indica and Xylopia Aethiopica Isolates as Potential Anti-Viral Drugs for Covid-19","volume":"32","author":"Adegbola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"79","article-title":"\u2018In Vitro\u2019 Antiviral Activity of Neem (Azadirachta Indica. 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