{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:34Z","timestamp":1787026294392,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI136032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI136032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Disseminated Leishmaniasis (DL) is an emerging and severe form of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection defined by the presence of 10 and up to more than 1,000 skin lesions. The mechanisms underlying parasite dissemination remain unknown. Genotypic differences among species of\n                    <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    have been associated with different clinical forms of disease. The present work compared the function of monocytes obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and DL in response to infection with\n                    <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates of both these two clinical forms of disease. Mononuclear cells obtained from DL and CL patients were infected with different\n                    <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, and numbers of infected cells, parasite load, respiratory burst, TLR2 and TLR4 expression and cytokine production were evaluated. DL isolates infected more monocytes, induced greater respiratory burst, and more cytokine production compared to isolates from CL patients regardless of the origin of monocytes (DL or CL). However, greater parasite multiplication and higher TLR2 and TLR4 expression were seen in monocytes from DL patients compared to CL following infection with DL isolates. Our results indicate the participation of both parasite genotype and host factors in the pathogenesis of DL.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.740278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T01:32:37Z","timestamp":1631237557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Influence of Infection by Different Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Isolates on the Pathogenesis of Disseminated Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Walker N.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreza S.","family":"D\u00f3rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro P.","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maur\u00edcio T.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo R. 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