{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:27:43Z","timestamp":1787509663508,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Schistosomiasis is one of the most important tropical parasitic diseases worldwide.\n                      <jats:italic>Biomphalaria straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the intermediate host of\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , has invaded and spread to Southern China since 1974 and may pose enormous threats to public health. Controlling intermediate host snails is an effective strategy in schistosomiasis intervention. However, the only effective chemical molluscicide, niclosamide, currently recommended by WHO may cause environmental pollution, loss of biodiversity, and high costs. Thus, to counter intermediate hosts, a sustainable and environmentally friendly tool is urgently needed. Here, we conducted field investigations to collect and identify a potential snail competitor rotifer and evaluated its molluscicide effect.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we collected two samples of rotifers from Shenzhen. We found both red and black phenotypic\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      snails at the sampling sites. We identified the rotifer population as a species of the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Philodina<\/jats:italic>\n                      according to the amplification and phylogenetic analysis results of\n                      <jats:italic>coxI<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. We found that rotifer exposure did not significantly affect the hatching rate of\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs but promoted the killing of juvenile snails. Meanwhile, rotifer exposure did not significantly alter the fecundity of\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      quantified by the number of eggs per egg mass, the number of egg masses per snail, and the number of eggs per snail; but the snails exposed to rotifers showed lower fecundity performance than the control snails. Importantly, rotifer exposure could significantly affect the development of juvenile\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      , showing a smaller shell diameter of the exposed snails than that of the control snails. In addition, rotifer exposure affected the life span of\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      snails, showing a 16.61% decline in the average life span. After rotifer exposure, the\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      snails died significantly faster than those without rotifer exposure. Similar findings were observed in\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected\n                      <jats:italic>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                      snails. These results implied that rotifer exposure significantly promoted the mortality of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>B. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrated the potential molluscicide effect of rotifers on intermediate hosts under laboratory conditions. Our findings may provide new insights into the development of biocontrol strategies for snail-borne disease transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.744352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T10:27:29Z","timestamp":1632220049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Rotifers and Their Potential Use in the Biological Control of Biomphalaria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Datao","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suoyu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sanogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongdao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.01.005","article-title":"Successful Parasitism of Vector Snail Biomphalaria Glabrata by the Human Blood Fluke (Trematode) Schistosoma Mansoni: A 2009 Assessment","volume":"165","author":"Bayne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. 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