{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:51:35Z","timestamp":1790095895878,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Caused by schistosomes, the human schistosomiasis is a tropical zoonotic parasitic disease. Pathologically, it occurs most often in the intestines and the liver, the sites of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    egg accumulation. The parasites\u2019 produced eggs cause the main pathology in patients. Deposited parasite eggs in the liver induce the production of multiple cytokines that mediate the immune response, which in turn leads to granulomatous responses and liver fibrosis. These impact the hosts\u2019 quality of life and health status, resulting in severe morbidity and even mortality. In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ordinary samples and three 6- week infected mice were mined from microarray analysis based on the limma package. In total, we excavated the differential expression LCN2 was exhibited high expressions profile in GSE59276, GSE61376 demonstrated the result. Furthermore, CIBERSORT suggested detailed analysis of the immune subtype distribution pattern.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments like real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and immunofluorescence (IF) demonstrated the expressions of LCN2 was significantly upregulated in\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013infected mice liver tissues and located in macrophages. Previous studies have shown that macrophages act as the first line of defense during schistosome infection and are an important part of liver granuloma. We used\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    soluble worm antigens (SWA) to induce RAW264.7 cells to construct an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    inflammatory model. The current study aimed to investigate whether the NF-\u03baB signaling network is involved in LCN2 upregulation induced by SWA and whether LCN2 can promote M1 polarization of macrophages under SWA treatment. Our research work suggests that LCN2 is significant in the development of early infection caused by\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and is of great value for further exploration. Collectively, the findings indicated that SWA promoted the expression of LCN2 and promoted M1 polarization of macrophages\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    the upregulation of NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrate that NF-\u03baB\/LCN2 is necessary for migration and phagocytosis of M1 macrophages in response to SWA infection. Our study highlights the essential role of NF-\u03baB\/LCN2 in early innate immune response to infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.747135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T01:28:02Z","timestamp":1632101282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lipocalin 2 Is a Regulator During Macrophage Polarization Induced by Soluble Worm Antigens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hanyu","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ailong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04332-7","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Fucoidan in the Reduction of Hepatic Pathology in Murine Schistosomiasis Japonica","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141869","article-title":"Macrophage Activation Governs Schistosomiasis-Induced Inflammation and Fibrosis","volume":"41","author":"Barron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. 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