{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:23Z","timestamp":1787026283979,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The vaginal microbiome plays a critical role in determining the progression of female genital tract infections; however, little is known about the vaginal microbiota of Indian women. We aimed to investigate the vaginal microbial architecture of women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV) (n=20) and normal microbiota (n=19). Microbial diversity was analyzed in vaginal swabs from regularly menstruating women (18-45yrs) by 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon (MiSeq Illumina) sequencing. Rarefaction analysis showed a higher number of species in normal flora compared to BV. Alpha diversity as measured by Pielou\u2019s evenness revealed microbial diversity was significantly greater in BV samples than normal microbiota (p= 0.0165). Beta diversity comparison using UniFrac metrics indicated distinct microbial communities clustering between normal and BV flora. Firmicutes were the major phyla observed in vaginal specimens of normal microbiota whereas\n                    <jats:italic>Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    were significantly abundant in BV samples. Notably, the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly high in normal microbiota. Conversely\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Sneathia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Atopobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly dominated dysbiotic microbiota. Relative frequency of Lactobacillus decreased significantly in BV (6%) as compared to normal microbiota (35.2%).\n                    <jats:italic>L. fermentum, L. gasseri, L. iners, L. jensenii, L. mucosae, L. ruminis, L. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>L. coleohominis was<\/jats:italic>\n                    more exclusively present in normal microbiota.\n                    <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected from both the groups with a relative frequency of 50.4% and 17.2% in normal and BV microbiota respectively. Lefse analysis indicated\n                    <jats:italic>Atopobium vaginae, Sneathia amnii, Mycoplasma hominis Prevotella disiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the vaginal microbiota as a biomarker for dysbiosis and\n                    <jats:italic>L. jensenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a biomarker of a healthy microbiota\n                    <jats:italic>. Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                    were negatively correlated to\n                    <jats:italic>Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Fusobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Proteobacteria positively correlated to\n                    <jats:italic>Tenericute<\/jats:italic>\n                    s, and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    were shown to be positively correlated to\n                    <jats:italic>Fusobacteria.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Predicted functional analysis indicated differences in the functional profiles between BV and normal microbiota. Normal microbiota utilized pathways essential for phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis I &amp;amp; II, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthesis I, mevalonate pathway, CoA biosynthesis pathway I and pyrimidine nucleotide salvage; whereas BV bacteria had characteristic aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, carbohydrate degradation. In conclusion, women with asymptomatic BV have vaginal microbiota significantly different than women with normal microbiota. Furthermore, the study provides insights into the vaginal microbial structure of Indian women that will enable us to explore the prospective candidates for restoring the vaginal microbiota.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.760459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T06:01:05Z","timestamp":1673416865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Vaginal Dysbiotic Microbiome in Women With No Symptoms of Genital Infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rinku","family":"Pramanick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Nathani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himangi","family":"Warke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Mayadeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Aranha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000058","article-title":"The Complexity of Contraceptives: Understanding Their Impact on Genital Immune Cells and Vaginal Microbiota","author":"Achilles","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000788","article-title":"Glycan Cross-Feeding Supports Mutualism Between Fusobacterium and the Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00932-8","article-title":"Microbial Function and Genital Inflammation in Young South African Women at High Risk of HIV Infection","volume":"8","author":"Alisoltani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9","article-title":"Nonspecific Vaginitis. 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