{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:04:50Z","timestamp":1792602290700,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A major increase of bacterial resistance to colistin, a last-resort treatment for severe infections, was observed globally. Using colistin in livestock rearing is believed to be the ground of mobilized colistin resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene circulation and is of crucial concern to public health. This study aimed to determine the frequency and virulence characteristics of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from the milk of mastitic cows and raw unpasteurized milk in Egypt. One hundred and seventeen strains belonging to\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 90),\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 10), and\n                    <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 17) were screened for colistin resistance by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The genetic characteristics of colistin-resistant strains were investigated for\n                    <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>1\u20139<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, phylogenetic groups, and virulence genes. Moreover, we evaluated four commonly used biocides in dairy farms for teat disinfection toward colistin-resistant strains. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) phenotypes were detected in 82.91% (97\/117) and 3.42% (4\/117) of the isolates, respectively. Of the 117 tested isolates, 61 (52.14%) were colistin resistant (MIC &amp;gt;2 mg\/L), distributed as 24\/70 (34.29%) from clinical mastitis, 10\/11 (90.91%) from subclinical mastitis, and 27\/36 (75%) from raw milk. Of these 61 colistin-resistant isolates, 47 (19 from clinical mastitis, 8 from subclinical mastitis, and 20 from raw milk) harbored plasmid-borne\n                    <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. The\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was identified in 31.91%,\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 29.79%,\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-3<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 34.04%, and each of\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-4<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-7<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 2.13% of the colistin-resistant isolates. Among these isolates, 42.55% (20\/47) were\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 21.28% (10\/47)\n                    <jats:italic>A. hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 19.12% (9\/47)\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 17.02% (8\/47)\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This is the first report of\n                    <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -3 and\n                    <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -7 in\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Conjugation experiments using the broth-mating technique showed successful transfer of colistin resistance to\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    J53-recipient strain. Different combinations of virulence genes were observed among colistin-resistant isolates with almost all isolates harboring genes. Hydrogen peroxide has the best efficiency against all bacterial isolates even at a low concentration (10%). In conclusion, the dissemination of mobile colistin resistance\n                    <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene and its variants between MDR- and XDR-virulent Gram-negative isolates from dairy cattle confirms the spread of\n                    <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes at all levels; animals, humans, and environmental, and heralds the penetration of the last-resort antimicrobial against MDR bacteria. Consequently, a decision to ban colistin in food animals is urgently required to fight XDR and MDR bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.761417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T09:09:00Z","timestamp":1638263340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Virulence Determinants and Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance mcr Genes in Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Bovine Milk"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yasmine H.","family":"Tartor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha M. 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