{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:16:16Z","timestamp":1787764576442,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem worldwide. The combination of various anti-TB drugs is mainly used to treat TB in clinical practice. Despite the availability of effective antibiotics, effective treatment regimens still require long-term use of multiple drugs, leading to toxicity, low patient compliance, and the development of drug resistance. It has been confirmed that immune recognition, immune response, and immune regulation of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>) determine the occurrence, development, and outcome of diseases after <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> infection. The research and development of TB-specific immunotherapy agents can effectively regulate the anti-TB immune response and provide a new approach toward the combined treatment of TB, thereby preventing and intervening in populations at high risk of TB infection. These immunotherapy agents will promote satisfactory progress in anti-TB treatment, achieving the goal of \u201cultra-short course chemotherapy.\u201d This review highlights the research progress in immunotherapy of TB, including immunoreactive substances, tuberculosis therapeutic vaccines, chemical agents, and cellular therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.763591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T04:57:12Z","timestamp":1636952232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Research Progress in Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Mi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2285","article-title":"A Multistage Tuberculosis Vaccine That Confers Efficient Protection Before and After Exposure","volume":"17","author":"Aagaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-018-0511-0","article-title":"Role of Chicoric Acid and 13-Cis Retinoic Acid in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection Control by Human U937 Macrophage","volume":"66","author":"Abd-Nikfarjam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archivum. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.9.3086","article-title":"The Human Antimicrobial and Chemotactic Peptides LL-37 and \u03b1-Defensins are Expressed by Specific Lymphocyte and Monocyte Populations","volume":"96","author":"Agerberth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.10.011","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides as an Alternative to Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs","volume":"128","author":"AlMatar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-14-S1-S3","article-title":"Passive Administration of Purified Secretory IgA From Human Colostrum Induces Protection Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in a Murine Model of Progressive Pulmonary Infection","volume":"14","author":"Alvarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3830","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901913","article-title":"IL-32 is a Host Protective Cytokine Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Differentiated THP-1 Human Macrophages","volume":"184","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12762","article-title":"Curcumin Enhances Human Macrophage Control of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"21","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424302112","article-title":"Human IL-32 Expression Protects Mice Against a Hypervirulent Strain of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"112","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00458-15","article-title":"Protection and Long-Lived Immunity Induced by the ID93\/GLA-SE Vaccine Candidate Against a Clinical Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolate","volume":"23","author":"Baldwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247990","article-title":"Prophylactic Efficacy Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Using ID93 and Lipid-Based Adjuvant Formulations in the Mouse Model","volume":"16","author":"Baldwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5545","article-title":"Interleukin-10 Promotes Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Disease Progression in CBA\/J Mice","volume":"181","author":"Beamer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12767","article-title":"Daily Adjunctive Therapy With Vitamin D 3 and Phenylbutyrate Supports Clinical Recovery From Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Ethiopia","volume":"284","author":"Bekele","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Internal Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53ra74","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001094","article-title":"A Defined Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate Boosts BCG and Protects Against Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"2","author":"Bertholet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Trans. Med."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"58","article-title":"Observation of Thymosin Combined With Antituberculosis Drugs for Retreatment of Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"44","author":"Bohua Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Modern Clin. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/s1472-9792(02)00089-6","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Biogenesis of the Cell Wall of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"83","author":"Brennan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tuberc. (Edinb)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636764","article-title":"IL-4 Depletion Enhances Host Resistance and Passive IgA Protection Against Tuberculosis Infection in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"37","author":"Buccheri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.06.012","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Quercetin and Polyvinylpyrrolidone in Treatment of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Destructive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Comparison With Standard Antimycobacterial Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Butov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00342","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00342-16","article-title":"The Importance of First Impressions: Early Events in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection Influence Outcome","volume":"7","author":"Cadena","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.01.024","article-title":"RUTI: A New Chance to Shorten the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"86","author":"Cardona","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.09.008","article-title":"Immunotherapy With Fragmented Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Cells Increases the Effectiveness of Chemotherapy Against a Chronical Infection in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"Cardona","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1845648","article-title":"Extruded Filaments Derived 3d Printed Medicated Skin Patch to Mitigate Destructive Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Design to Delivery","volume":"18","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Delivery"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00842","article-title":"A New Rabbit-Skin Model to Evaluate Protective Efficacy of Tuberculosis Vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003501","article-title":"Phosphoantigen\/IL2 Expansion and Differentiation of V\u03b32v\u03b42 T Cells Increase Resistance to Tuberculosis in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.02.039","article-title":"The Impact of Anti-Tuberculous Antibiotics and Corticosteroids on Cytokine Production in QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube Assays","volume":"95","author":"Clifford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberc. (Edinb)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90192-f","article-title":"Does Antibody to Mycobacterial Antigens, Including Lipoarabinomannan, Limit Dissemination in Childhood Tuberculosis","volume":"86","author":"Costello","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.09.027","article-title":"Mycobacterium Indicus Pranii (MIP) Mediated Host Protective Intracellular Mechanisms Against Tuberculosis Infection: Involvement of TLR-4 Mediated Signaling","volume":"101","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00350","article-title":"Immune Response to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: A Narrative Review","volume":"7","author":"de Martino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21543","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100135R","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Activated by Vitamin D Administration Alleviates Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-Induced Bone Destruction by Inhibiting Nf\u03bab-Mediated Aberrant Osteoclastogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(90)90034-k","article-title":"Cytokine Modulation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Growth in Human Macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Denis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00845-6","article-title":"Trained Immunity, Tolerance, Priming and Differentiation: Distinct Immunological Processes","volume":"22","author":"Divangahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.008","article-title":"Allicin Enhances Antimicrobial Activity of Macrophages During Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"243","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.25280","article-title":"Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Trial of Heat-Killed Mycobacterium Vaccae (Longcom Batch) Formulated as an Oral Pill (V7)","volume":"9","author":"Efremenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"3","article-title":"Systemic Transplantation of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells of the Bone Marrow in the Treatment of Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis","author":"Erokhin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Probl. Tuberk. Bolezn. Legk."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12723","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220424597","article-title":"An Essential Amino Acid Induces Epithelial \u03b2-Defensin Expression","volume":"97","author":"Fehlbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.05.015","article-title":"Efficacy of Gene-Therapy Based on Adenovirus Encoding Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"100","author":"Francisco-Cruz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120121","article-title":"Development of a Formulation Platform for a Spray-Dried, Inhalable Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate","volume":"593","author":"Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00258-4","article-title":"Effects of Mycobacterium Vaccae Vaccine in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis: Protective Action and Differentially Expressed Genes","volume":"7","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.666290","article-title":"Peptides-Based Vaccine MP3RT Induced Protective Immunity Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in a Humanized Mouse Model","volume":"12","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2021.08.016","article-title":"A Peptide-Based Vaccine ACP Derived From Antigens of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Induced Th1 Response But Failed to Enhance the Protective Efficacy of BCG in Mice","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1458806","article-title":"The Current Status, Challenges, and Future Developments of New Tuberculosis Vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.745592","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Active Tuberculosis: A Key to a Successful Tuberculosis Control Strategy","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.03.047","article-title":"Therapeutic Vaccines for Tuberculosis\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"32","author":"Gr\u00f6schel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4347(96)00434-3","article-title":"Quantitative High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Retinoids in Human Serum Using on-Line Solid-Phase Extraction and Column Switching. Determination of 9-Cis-Retinoic Acid, 13-Cis-Retinoic Acid, All-Trans-Retinoic Acid, 4-Oxo-All-Trans-Retinoicacid and 4-Oxo-13-Cis-Retinoic Acid","volume":"691","author":"Gundersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B. BioMed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix208","article-title":"Suppressor Cell\u2013Depleting Immunotherapy With Denileukin Diftitox is an Effective Host-Directed Therapy for Tuberculosis","volume":"215","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02593.x","article-title":"A Mycobacterial Lipoarabinomannan Specific Monoclonal Antibody and its F (Ab\u2032) 2 Fragment Prolong Survival of Mice Infected With Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"138","author":"Hamasur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02593.x","article-title":"A Mycobacterial Lipoarabinomannan Specific Monoclonal Antibody and Its F(ab') Fragment Prolong Survival of Mice Infected With Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"138","author":"Hamasur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-7799(97)01156-6","article-title":"Cationic Peptides: A New Source of Antibiotics","volume":"16","author":"Hancock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03049.x","article-title":"A Combination of a Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Antagonist and an Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase Is an Effective Treatment for Murine Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"144","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Pando","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.04.026","article-title":"New Agents for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"102","author":"Hoagland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1335374","article-title":"Efficacy of Mycobacterium Vaccae Immunotherapy for Patients With Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.06.008","article-title":"CIK as Therapeutic Agents Against Tumors","volume":"85","author":"Introna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/0470846526.ch7","article-title":"Recombinant Interleukin 2 Adjunctive Therapy in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis","volume":"217","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Novartis Found. Symp."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2426-2433.1998","article-title":"Differential Gene Expression in Response to Adjunctive Recombinant Human Interleukin-2 Immunotherapy in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients","volume":"66","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200211-1359OC","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Adjunctive Interleukin-2 in Adults With Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"168","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.09.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activity Induced by Loperamide in Mycobacterial Infections","volume":"65","author":"Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.031","article-title":"BCG Educates Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Generate Protective Innate Immunity Against Tuberculosis","volume":"172","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.09.019","article-title":"Emerging Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells During Tuberculosis: The Fifth Element in Cell Mediated Immunity","volume":"101","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00328","article-title":"Innate Immunity Holding the Flanks Until Reinforced by Adaptive Immunity Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.12.003","article-title":"Interleukin-32: A Cytokine and Inducer of Tnf\u03b1","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4AB0219-071R","article-title":"IL-32 and its Splice Variants are Associated With Protection Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection and Skewing of Th1\/Th17 Cytokines","volume":"107","author":"Koeken","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leuk. Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.039","article-title":"Innate Immunity in Tuberculosis: Myths and Truth","volume":"10","author":"Korbel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8555","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.008005","article-title":"The Phytochemical Bergenin as an Adjunct Immunotherapy for Tuberculosis in Mice","volume":"294","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.05.035","article-title":"Improved CD4+ T Cell Responses to","volume":"31","author":"Leroux-Roels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-695x.12008","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Therapeutic Effects of Ag85A\/B Chimeric DNA Vaccine in Mice Infected With Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-017-0196-x","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Therapeutic Effects of a Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Rv2190c DNA Vaccine in Mice","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523216666161102170123","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Therapeutic Effects of Pvax1- Rv1419 DNA From Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2018.1546291","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic Effects of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Rv3407 DNA Vaccine in Mice","volume":"51","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1535194","article-title":"The Biology and Role of Interleukin-32 in Tuberculosis","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.01.049","article-title":"A Novel Liposome Adjuvant DPC Mediates Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Well to Induce Cell-Mediated Immunity and High Protective Efficacy in Mice","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14348","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200814348","article-title":"Macrophage Activation by Ursolic and Oleanolic Acids During Mycobacterial Infection","volume":"20","author":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.051","article-title":"First-In-Human Trial of the Post-Exposure Tuberculosis Vaccine H56: IC31 in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infected and non-Infected Healthy Adults","volume":"33","author":"Luabeya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2014.03.005","article-title":"Recombinant Tuberculosis Vaccine AEC\/BC02 Induces Antigen-Specific Cellular Responses in Mice and Protects Guinea Pigs in a Model of Latent Infection","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.13309\/j.cnki.pmi.2019.04.013","article-title":"Progress in Clinical Trials of Inactivated Mycobacterium Vaccines Against Tuberculosis","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.06.012","article-title":"Interleukin 24 as a Novel Potential Cytokine Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7190","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.7190","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3-and TNF-Independent Vitamin D-Inducible Human Suppression of Mycobacteria: The Role of Cathelicidin LL-37","volume":"178","author":"Martineau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13489","article-title":"Host-Directed Therapy of Tuberculosis Based on Interleukin-1 and Type I Interferon Crosstalk","volume":"511","author":"Mayer-Barber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407380","article-title":"Prednisolone and Mycobacterium Indicus Pranii in Tuberculous Pericarditis","volume":"371","author":"Mayosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0185OC","article-title":"Immunotherapy Added to Antibiotic Treatment Reduces Relapse of Disease in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis","volume":"56","author":"Mourik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.055","article-title":"DAR-901 Vaccine for the Prevention of Infection With Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Among BCG-Immunized Adolescents in Tanzania: A Randomized Controlled, Double-Blind Phase 2b Trial","volume":"38","author":"Munseri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.3.1266","article-title":"CD4+ NKT Cells, But Not Conventional CD4+ T Cells, Are Required to Generate Efferent CD8+ T Regulatory Cells Following Antigen Inoculation in an Immune-Privileged Site","volume":"171","author":"Nakamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.09.010","article-title":"Imatinib-Sensitive Tyrosine Kinases Regulate Mycobacterial Pathogenesis and Represent Therapeutic Targets Against Tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Napier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12591","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12591","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid in the Treatment of Cutaneous and Oral Lichen Planus","volume":"31","author":"Nasr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89612","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089612","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of the Novel Antituberculous Vaccine RUTI: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Clinical Trial in Patients With Latent Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"9","author":"Nell","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712381105","article-title":"Interleukin-32 Induces the Differentiation of Monocytes Into Macrophage-Like Cells","volume":"105","author":"Netea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0130641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130641","article-title":"Multi-Stage Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Candidate LT69 Provides High Protection Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in Mice","volume":"10","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2016.0137","article-title":"Diallyl Polysulfides From Allium Sativum as Immunomodulators, Hepatoprotectors, and Antimycobacterial Agents","volume":"20","author":"Oosthuizen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024363","article-title":"Evaluation of Metformin in Combination With Rifampicin Containing Antituberculosis Therapy in Patients With New, Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis (METRIF): Study Protocol for a Randomised Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Padmapriyadarsini","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.01.016","article-title":"Cellular Therapy in Tuberculosis","volume":"32","author":"Parida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8239","article-title":"Total Synthesis of Tetraacylated Phosphatidylinositol Hexamannoside and Evaluation of its Immunomodulatory Activity","volume":"6","author":"Patil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702003000400004","article-title":"Use of Rhu-GM-CSF in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Pedral-Sampaio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/35084083","article-title":"The Heparin-Binding Haemagglutinin of M. Tuberculosis is Required for Extrapulmonary Dissemination","volume":"412","author":"Pethe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1457439","article-title":"The Use of Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Ramos-Espinosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/mcp.0000000000000575","article-title":"Precision Medicine in the Clinical Management of Respiratory Tract Infections Including Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Learning From Innovations in Immuno-Oncology","volume":"25","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059119","article-title":"Ability of Innate Defence Regulator Peptides IDR-1002, IDR-HH2 and IDR-1018 to Protect Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections in Animal Models","volume":"8","author":"Rivas-Santiago","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.14.119","article-title":"Prophylactic Potential of Defensins and L-Isoleucine in Tuberculosis Household Contacts: An Experimental Model","volume":"7","author":"Rivas-Santiago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.032","article-title":"Role of IgA in the Defense Against Respiratory Infections: IgA Deficient Mice Exhibited Increased Susceptibility to Intranasal Infection With Mycobacterium Bovis BCG","volume":"23","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.2959","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol Mannoside From Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Binds Alpha5beta1 Integrin (VLA-5) on CD4+ T Cells and Induces Adhesion to Fibronectin","volume":"177","author":"Rojas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003805","article-title":"iNKT Cell Production of GM-CSF Controls Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Rothchild","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000239","article-title":"Innate Invariant NKT Cells Recognize Mycobacterium Tuberculosis\u2013Infected Macrophages, Produce Interferon-\u03b3, and Kill Intracellular Bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Sada-Ovalle","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36923","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36923","article-title":"Controlled Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in Mice Under Treatment With Anti-IL-17A or IL-17f Antibodies, in Contrast to Tnf\u03b1 Neutralization","volume":"6","author":"Segueni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03514-1","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Mycobacterium Indicus Pranii as an Adjunct Therapy in Category II Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Randomized Trial","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.11.046","article-title":"Reclaiming Hijacked Phagosomes: Hybrid Nano-In-Micro Encapsulated MIAP Peptide Ensures Host Directed Therapy by Specifically Augmenting Phagosome-Maturation and Apoptosis in TB Infected Macrophage Cells","volume":"536","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6371","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811380116","article-title":"Immunization of V\u03b32v\u03b42 T Cells Programs Sustained Effector Memory Responses That Control Tuberculosis in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"116","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B104","first-page":"30","article-title":"Study on the Role of the Chimeric Hsp70\/CD80 DNA Vaccine for Treating Infection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"22","author":"Shi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00103-06","article-title":"Mycobacterium Tuberculosis HBHA Protein Reacts Strongly With the Serum Immunoglobulin M of Tuberculosis Patients","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/747543","article-title":"Innate Immune Defenses in Human Tuberculosis: An Overview of the Interactions Between Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Innate Immune Cells","volume":"2015","author":"Sia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.05.007","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides as Novel Anti-Tuberculosis Therapeutics","volume":"34","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.05.064","article-title":"Delivery of LLKKK18 Loaded Into Self-Assembling Hyaluronic Acid Nanogel for Tuberculosis Treatment","volume":"235","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263ra159","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009885","article-title":"Metformin as Adjunct Antituberculosis Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Singhal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit206","article-title":"Inhibiting the Programmed Death 1 Pathway Rescues Mycobacterium Tuberculosis\u2013Specific Interferon \u03b3\u2013Producing T Cells From Apoptosis in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"208","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00070","article-title":"Harnessing the mTOR Pathway for Tuberculosis Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70234-0","article-title":"Autologous Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Infusion as Adjunct Treatment in Patients With Multidrug and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: An Open-Label Phase 1 Safety Trial","volume":"2","author":"Skrahin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00145411","article-title":"Alarming Levels of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Belarus: Results of a Survey in Minsk","volume":"39","author":"Skrahina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.4103\/pr.pr_66_17","article-title":"The Activity of Immunoglobulin Y Anti-Mycobacterium Tuberculosis on Proliferation and Cytokine Expression of Rat Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells","volume":"9","author":"Sudjarwo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_167_16","article-title":"The Potency of Chicken Egg Yolk Immunoglobulin (IgY) Specific as Immunotherapy to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"8","author":"Sudjarwo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.26.15688","article-title":"A mAb Recognizing a Surface Antigen of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Enhances Host Survival","volume":"95","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.3.1805","article-title":"Fine Discrimination in the Recognition of Individual Species of Phosphatidyl-Myo-Inositol Mannosides From Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by C-Type Lectin Pattern Recognition Receptors","volume":"177","author":"Torrelles","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803484","article-title":"Phase 2b Controlled Trial of M72\/AS01E Vaccine to Prevent Tuberculosis","volume":"379","author":"Van Der Meeren","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3384","article-title":"Six-Of-The-Best: Unique Contributions of \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells to Immunology","volume":"13","author":"Vantourout","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175215","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175215","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Whole Cell Tuberculosis Vaccine Booster in Adults Primed With BCG: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of DAR-901","volume":"12","author":"Von Reyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw151","article-title":"Vitamin D as Adjunctive Host-Directed Therapy in Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Wallis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2059-2","article-title":"Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Bone Regeneration and Fracture Repair: A Review","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"B123","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01809.x","article-title":"Passive Protection With Immunoglobulin A Antibodies Against Tuberculous Early Infection of the Lungs","volume":"111","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x18500179","article-title":"Chicoric Acid Improves Heart and Blood Responses to Hypobaric Hypoxia in Tibetan Yaks","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B126","first-page":"83","article-title":"Autologous Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) Immunotherapy in a Case of Disseminated Tuberculosis","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc.  Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2008.0304","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides in Human Skin Disease","volume":"18","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7404","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7404","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid on Mast Cell at the Transcriptional Level","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.33180","article-title":"HSP70\/CD80 DNA Vaccine Inhibits Airway Remodeling by Regulating the Transcription Factors T-Bet and GATA-3 in a Murine Model of Chronic Asthma","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.01.031","article-title":"Immune Formulation-Assisted Conventional Therapy on Anti-Infective Effectiveness of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection Mice","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.08.004","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Induces Autophagy in Human Monocytes\/Macrophages via Cathelicidin","volume":"6","author":"Yuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-012-4368-x","article-title":"Immunotherapy Using IL-2 and GM-CSF is a Potential Treatment for Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201025","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Recombinant Human Interleukin 2 as Adjunctive Immunotherapy Against Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.763591\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T04:57:26Z","timestamp":1636952246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.763591\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"references-count":133,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.763591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.763591","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"article-number":"763591"}}