{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:14:09Z","timestamp":1772244849342,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission from humans to mosquitoes is an understudied bottleneck in the transmission of malaria. Direct membrane feeding assays (DMFA) allow detailed malaria transmission studies from humans to mosquitoes. Especially for\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which cannot be cultured long-term under laboratory conditions, implementation of DMFAs requires proximity to\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    endemic areas. In this study, we investigated the infectivity of symptomatic\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections to\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles farauti<\/jats:italic>\n                    colony mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea (PNG). A total of 182 DMFAs were performed with venous blood collected from rapid diagnostic test (RDT) positive symptomatic malaria patients and subsequently analysed by light microscopy and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). DMFAs resulted in mosquito infections in 20.9% (38\/182) of cases. By light microscopy and qPCR, 10 \u2013 11% of\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 32 \u2013 44% of\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    positive individuals infected\n                    <jats:italic>An. farauti<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Fifty-eight percent of\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 15% of\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    gametocytaemic infections infected\n                    <jats:italic>An farauti<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:04:13Z","timestamp":1640131453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Infectivity of Symptomatic Malaria Patients to Anopheles farauti Colony Mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lincoln","family":"Timinao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Vinit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Katusele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamarah","family":"Koleala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elma","family":"Nate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrille","family":"Czeher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Burkot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Schofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Felger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Laman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leanne J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Karl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2000.00665.x","article-title":"Populations of the South-West Pacific Malaria Vector Anopheles Farauti s.s. Revealed by Ribosomal DNA Transcribed Spacer Polymorphisms","volume":"84","author":"Beebe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42821","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042821","article-title":"Mosquito Feeding Assays to Determine the Infectiousness of Naturally Infected Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocyte Carriers","volume":"7","author":"Bousema","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00051-10","article-title":"Epidemiology and Infectivity of Plasmodium Falciparum and Plasmodium Vivax Gametocytes in Relation to Malaria Control and Elimination","volume":"24","author":"Bousema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.3","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Malaria in a Population Surrounding Madang, Papua New Guinea","volume":"35","author":"Cattani","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.09.002","article-title":"Measuring the Blockade of Malaria Transmission\u2013an Analysis of the Standard Membrane Feeding Assay","volume":"42","author":"Churcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6054","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7054","article-title":"Human-To-Mosquito Transmission Efficiency Increases as Malaria Is Controlled","volume":"6","author":"Churcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0295:eioafw]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Experimental Infection of Anopheles Farauti With Different Species of Plasmodium","volume":"88","author":"Collins","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001169","article-title":"The Activities of Current Antimalarial Drugs on the Life Cycle Stages of Plasmodium: A Comparative Study With Human and Rodent Parasites","volume":"9","author":"Delves","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-248","article-title":"Evaluation and Optimization of Membrane Feeding Compared to Direct Feeding as an Assay for Infectivity","volume":"7","author":"Diallo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1529-6","article-title":"Performance and Time to Become Negative After Treatment of Three Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests in Low and High Malaria Transmission Settings","volume":"15","author":"Grandesso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118200005825x","article-title":"Measurement of Malarial Infectivity of Human Populations to Mosquitoes in the Madang Area, Papua, New Guinea","volume":"96","author":"Graves","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0141","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Plasmodium Vivax","volume":"95","author":"Howes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.10.006","article-title":"Infectivity of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Plasmodium Vivax Infections to a Southeast Asian Vector, Anopheles Dirus","volume":"47","author":"Kiattibutr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz680","article-title":"P. Falciparum Gametocyte Density and Infectivity in Peripheral Blood and Skin Tissue of Naturally Infected Parasite Carriers in Burkina Faso","volume":"223","author":"Meibalan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/s1471-4922(03)00091-6","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Malaria in Papua New Guinea","volume":"19","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"272","article-title":"Susceptibility of Anopheles Farauti to Infection With Different Species of Plasmodium","volume":"20","author":"Nace","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"7","article-title":"Methodology: A Protocol for Membrane Feeding Assays to Determine the Infectiousness of P. Falciparum Naturally Infected Individuals to Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"4","author":"Ou\u00e9draogo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria World J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-460","article-title":"Experimental Plasmodium Vivax Infection of Key Anopheles Species From the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"12","author":"Rios-Vel\u00e1squez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0815-z","article-title":"Improvement of Culture Conditions for Long-Term In Vitro Culture of Plasmodium Vivax","volume":"14","author":"Roobsoong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"407","article-title":"Sutdies on the Feeding Response of Mosquitoes to Nutritive Solution in a New Membrane Feeder","volume":"24","author":"Rutledge","year":"1964","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2815-6_8","article-title":"Membrane Feeding Assay to Determine the Infectiousness of Plasmodium Vivax Gametocytes","volume":"1325","author":"Sattabongkot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol. (Clifton N.J.)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.529","article-title":"Comparison of Artificial Membrane Feeding With Direct Skin Feeding to Estimate the Infectiousness of Plasmodium Vivax Gametocyte Carriers to Mosquitoes","volume":"69","author":"Sattabongkot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000060303","article-title":"Plasmodium Vivax: Gametocyte Infectivity of Naturally Infected Thai Adults","author":"Sattabongkot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.073","article-title":"Transmission Blocking Malaria Vaccines: Assays and Candidates in Clinical Development","volume":"33","author":"Sauerwein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276130597","article-title":"The Plasmodium Bottleneck: Malaria Parasite Losses in the Mosquito Vector","volume":"109","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.09-0499","article-title":"Plasmodium Vivax Sporozoite Production in Anopheles Albimanus Mosquitoes for Vaccine Clinical Trials","volume":"84","author":"Solarte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03725-y","article-title":"Maintaining Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocyte Infectivity During Blood Collection and Transport for Mosquito Feeding Assays in the Field","volume":"20","author":"Soumare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"589","article-title":"Larval Salinity Tolerances of the Sibling Species of Anopheles Farauti","volume":"3","author":"Sweeney","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1123","article-title":"The Relative Contribution of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Plasmodium Vivax and Plasmodium Falciparum Infections to the Infectious Reservoir in a Low-Endemic Setting in Ethiopia","volume":"66","author":"Tadesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00246","article-title":"Uptake of Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocytes During Mosquito Bloodmeal by Direct and Membrane Feeding","volume":"11","author":"Talman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04842-y","article-title":"Optimization of the Feeding Rate of Anopheles Farauti s.s. Colony Mosquitoes in Direct Membrane Feeding Assays","volume":"14","author":"Timinao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004807","article-title":"Optimization of a Membrane Feeding Assay for Plasmodium Vivax Infection in Anopheles Albimanus","volume":"10","author":"Vallejo","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076316","article-title":"Strategies for Detection of Plasmodium Species Gametocytes","volume":"8","author":"Wampfler","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"The Use of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests","year":"2006"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"88","volume-title":"Basic Malairal Microscopy - Learner's Guide","year":"2010"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2017 Report","year":"2017"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"300","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2020: 20 Years of Global Progress and Challenges","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771233\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:04:21Z","timestamp":1640131461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771233\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771233","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.06.02.20120816","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"article-number":"771233"}}