{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:30:36Z","timestamp":1775759436603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Naturally acquired immune responses against antigens expressed on the surface of mature gametocytes develop in individuals living in malaria-endemic areas. Evidence suggests that such anti-gametocyte immunity can block the development of the parasite in the mosquito, thus playing a role in interrupting transmission. A better comprehension of naturally acquired immunity to these gametocyte antigens can aid the development of transmission-blocking vaccines and improve our understanding of the human infectious reservoir.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antigens expressed on the surface of mature gametocytes that had not previously been widely studied for evidence of naturally acquired immunity were identified for protein expression alongside Pfs230-C using either the mammalian HEK293E or the wheat germ cell-free expression systems. Where there was sequence variation in the candidate antigens (3D7 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> a clinical isolate PfKE04), both variants were expressed. ELISA was used to assess antibody responses against these antigens, as well as against crude stage V gametocyte extract (GE) and AMA1 using archived plasma samples from individuals recruited to participate in malaria cohort studies. We analyzed antibody levels (estimated from optical density units using a standardized ELISA) and seroprevalence (defined as antibody levels greater than three standard deviations above the mean levels of a pool of malaria na\u00efve sera). We described the dynamics of antibody responses to these antigens by identifying factors predictive of antibody levels using linear regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 25 antigens selected, seven antigens were produced successfully as recombinant proteins, with one variant antigen, giving a total of eight proteins for evaluation. Antibodies to the candidate antigens were detectable in the study population (N = 216), with seroprevalence ranging from 37.0% (95% CI: 30.6%, 43.9%) for PSOP1 to 77.8% (95% CI: 71.6%, 83.1%) for G377 (3D7 variant). Responses to AMA1 and GE were more prevalent than those to the gametocyte proteins at 87.9% (95% CI: 82.8%, 91.9%) and 88.3% (95% CI: 83.1%, 92.4%), respectively. Additionally, both antibody levels and breadth of antibody responses were associated with age and concurrent parasitaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Age and concurrent parasitaemia remain important determinants of naturally acquired immunity to gametocyte antigens. Furthermore, we identify novel candidates for transmission-blocking activity evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.774537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T05:39:40Z","timestamp":1636695580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characterization of Naturally Acquired Immunity to a Panel of Antigens Expressed in Mature P. falciparum Gametocytes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michelle K.","family":"Muthui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eizo","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Kinya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William I.","family":"Muasya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Nagaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kennedy W.","family":"Mwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedict","family":"Orindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Wambua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teun","family":"Bousema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Drakeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Blagborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Bejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa C.","family":"Kapulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1955-0","article-title":"Antibody Responses to Two New Lactococcus Lactis-Produced Recombinant Pfs48\/45 and Pfs230 Proteins Increase With Age in Malaria Patients Living in the Central Region of Ghana","volume":"16","author":"Acquah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02491-3","article-title":"COS Cell Expression Cloning of Pfg377, a Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocyte Antigen Associated With Osmiophilic Bodies","volume":"74","author":"Alano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2607-5","article-title":"Dynamics of Anti-MSP3 and Pfs230 Antibody Responses and Multiplicity of Infection in Asymptomatic Children From Southern Ghana","volume":"11","author":"Amoah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Vectors"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pctr.0010029","article-title":"A Phase 2b Randomised Trial of the Candidate Malaria Vaccines FP9 ME-TRAP and MVA ME-TRAP Among Children in Kenya","volume":"1","author":"Bejon","year":"2006","journal-title":"PloS Clin. Trials."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1991.11812580","article-title":"Epidemiology of Plasmodium Falciparum in a Rice Field and a Savanna Area in Burkina Faso: Seasonal Fluctuations of Gametocytaemia and Malarial Infectivity","volume":"85","author":"Boudin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00948.x","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Immune Responses to Plasmodium Falciparum Sexual Stage Antigens in Tanzanian Adults","volume":"29","author":"Bousema","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasit. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-18","article-title":"Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocyte Carriage in Asymptomatic Children in Western Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Bousema","year":"2004","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014114","article-title":"The Dynamics of Naturally Acquired Immune Responses to Plasmodium Falciparum Sexual Stage Antigens Pfs230 & Pfs48\/45 in a Low Endemic Area in Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"Bousema","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.425","article-title":"Rapid Onset of Transmission-Reducing Antibodies in Javanese Migrants Exposed to Malaria in Papua, Indonesia","volume":"74","author":"Bousema","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77241","article-title":"Malaria Transmission-Blocking Vaccines: Present Status and Future Perspectives","volume-title":"Towards Malaria Elimination - A Leap Forward","author":"Doumbo","year":"2018"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408725102","article-title":"Estimating Medium- and Long-Term Trends in Malaria Transmission by Using Serological Markers of Malaria Exposure","volume":"102","author":"Drakeley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.06.008","article-title":"Malaria Vaccines: Recent Advances and New Horizons","volume":"24","author":"Draper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1086\/339342","article-title":"A Recombinant Blood-Stage Malaria Vaccine Reduces Plasmodium Falciparum Density and Exerts Selective Pressure on Parasite Populations in a Phase 1\u20132b Trial in Papua New Guinea","volume":"185","author":"Genton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01270-4","article-title":"Examining the Human Infectious Reservoir for Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Areas of Differing Transmission Intensity","volume":"8","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123102","article-title":"Risk Factors for Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocyte Positivity in a Longitudinal Cohort","volume":"10","author":"Grange","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1988.tb00215.x","article-title":"Antibodies to Plasmodium Falciparum Gamete Surface Antigens in Papua New Guinea Sera","volume":"10","author":"Graves","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasit. Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09585-4","article-title":"Naturally Acquired Antibody Response to Plasmodium Falciparum Describes Heterogeneity in Transmission on Islands in Lake Victoria","volume":"7","author":"Idris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.03.007","article-title":"Naturally Acquired Antibody Responses to Recombinant Pfs230 and Pfs48\/45 Transmission Blocking Vaccine Candidates","volume":"71","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1260-3","article-title":"Malaria Hotspots Defined by Clinical Malaria, Asymptomatic Carriage, PCR and Vector Numbers in a Low Transmission Area on the Kenyan Coast","volume":"15","author":"Kangoye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.03.027","article-title":"Proteome Analysis of Separated Male and Female Gametocytes Reveals Novel Sex-Specific Plasmodium Biology","volume":"121","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126747","DOI":"10.5061\/dryad.550p3.Funding","article-title":"Blood-Stage Parasitemia and Age Determine Plasmodium Falciparum and P. Vivax Gametocytemia in Papua New Guinea","volume":"10","author":"Koepfli","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079323","article-title":"Extended Safety, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Blood-Stage Malaria Vaccine in Malian Children: 24-Month Follow-Up of a Randomized, Double-Blinded Phase 2 Trial","volume":"8","author":"Laurens","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011358","article-title":"Heritability of the Human Infectious Reservoir of Malaria Parasites","volume":"5","author":"Lawaly","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000393","article-title":"Steady Progress Toward a Malaria Vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Lyke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.201","article-title":"Relationships Between Plasmodium Falciparum Transmission by Vector Populations and the Incidence of Severe Disease at Nine Sites on the Kenyan Coast","volume":"52","author":"Mbogo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.2.369-372.1987","article-title":"Malaria Transmission-Blocking Immunity Induced by Natural Infections of Plasmodium Vivax in Humans","volume":"55","author":"Mendis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002047","article-title":"Age, Spatial, and Temporal Variations in Hospital Admissions With Malaria in Kilifi County, Kenya: A 25-Year Longitudinal Observational Study","volume":"13","author":"Mogeni","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01120-15","article-title":"Severe Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria: Targets and Mechanisms Associated With Protection in Kenyan Children","volume":"84","author":"Murungi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02480","article-title":"Immune Responses to Gametocyte Antigens in a Malaria Endemic Population\u2014the African Falciparum Context: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Muthui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15186.2","article-title":"Gametocyte Carriage in an Era of Changing Malaria Epidemiology: A 19-Year Analysis of a Malaria Longitudinal Cohort [Version 2; Peer Review: 2 Approved]","volume":"4","author":"Muthui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome. Open Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1086\/430006","article-title":"Case Definitions of Clinical Malaria Under Different Transmission Conditions in Kilifi District, Kenya","volume":"191","author":"Mwangi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0422-4","article-title":"Identifying Children With Excess Malaria Episodes After Adjusting for Variation in Exposure: Identification From a Longitudinal Study Using Statistical Count Models","volume":"13","author":"Ndungu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.609474","article-title":"Antibody Responses to Crude Gametocyte Extract Predict Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocyte Carriage in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Omondi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00980.x","article-title":"The Primary Antibody Response of Malaria Patients to Plasmodium Falciparum Sexual Stage Antigens Which are Potential Transmission Blocking Vaccine Candidates","volume":"12","author":"Ong","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasit. Immunol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01585-07","article-title":"Breadth and Magnitude of Antibody Responses to Multiple Plasmodium Falciparum Merozoite Antigens are Associated With Protection From Clinical Malaria","volume":"76","author":"Osier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-108","article-title":"Opsonic Phagocytosis of Plasmodium Falciparum Merozoites: Mechanism in Human Immunity and a Correlate of Protection Against Malaria","volume":"12","author":"Osier","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007034LK","article-title":"Modeling the Impact of Plasmodium Falciparum Sexual Stage Immunity on the Composition and Dynamics of the Human Infectious Reservoir for Malaria in Natural Settings","volume":"14","author":"Oueadraogo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05288-11","article-title":"Naturally Acquired Immune Responses to Plasmodium Falciparum Sexual Stage Antigens Pfs48\/45 and Pfs230 in an Area of Seasonal Transmission","volume":"79","author":"Ou\u00e9draogo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1584-z","article-title":"Comparison of Molecular Quantification of Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocytes by Pfs25 qRT-PCR and QT-NASBA in Relation to Mosquito Infectivity","volume":"15","author":"Pett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.05.031","article-title":"Human Antibodies to Recombinant Protein Constructs of Plasmodium Falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1) and Their Associations With Protection From Malaria","volume":"23","author":"Polley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003381","article-title":"Proteins of the Malaria Parasite Sexual Stages: Expression, Function and Potential for Transmission Blocking Strategies","volume":"134","author":"Pradel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B42","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2020"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.03.018","article-title":"Quantification of Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocytes in Differential Stages of Development by Quantitative Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification","volume":"137","author":"Schneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00644-15","article-title":"Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocyte-Specific Antibody Profiling Reveals Boosting Through Natural Infection and Identifies Potential Markers of Gametocyte Exposure","volume":"83","author":"Skinner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02646-2","article-title":"Unravelling the Immune Signature of Plasmodium Falciparum Transmission Reducing Immunity","volume":"9","author":"Stone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001341","article-title":"Naturally Acquired Immunity to Sexual Stage P. Falciparum Parasites","volume":"143","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"167","article-title":"Discovery of Novel Transmission Blocking Vaccine Candidates Using Gametocyte Protein Microarray","author":"Stone","year":"2015"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1992.tb05851.x","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin in the Treatment of Paediatric Cerebral Malaria","volume":"90","author":"Taylor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70055-5","article-title":"Haemoglobinopathies and the Clinical Epidemiology of Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1992.tb01476.x","article-title":"Enhanced Gametocyte Formation in Young Erythrocytes by Plasmodium Falciparum In Vitro","volume":"39","author":"Trager","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-451","article-title":"Serological Markers for Monitoring Historical Changes in Malaria Transmission Intensity in a Highly Endemic Region of Western Kenya 1994-2009","volume":"13","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6087","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw536","article-title":"Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of P. Falciparum Gametocytes: Molecular Insight Into Sex-Specific Processes and Translational Repression","volume":"44","author":"Lasonder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1086\/430744","article-title":"Sickle Cell Trait and the Risk of Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria and Other Childhood Diseases","volume":"192","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.774537\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T05:39:48Z","timestamp":1636695588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.774537\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.774537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.774537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"article-number":"774537"}}