{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:16:26Z","timestamp":1788210986324,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007776","name":"Deanship of Academic Research, University of Jordan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007776","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The etiology of periodontitis remains unclear, as is the place of gingivitis in its pathophysiology. A few studies linked the colonization by oral parasites (\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Trichomonas tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) to periodontal disease and its severity. The aim of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of these oral parasites among healthy individuals, and in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis in Jordan.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted during July 2019\u2013December 2019. Samples were composed of saliva and periodontal material including dental plaque sampled with probes. The detection of oral parasites was done using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The total number of study participants was 237: healthy (n=94), gingivitis (n=53) and periodontitis (n=90). The prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 88.9% among the periodontitis patients, 84.9% among the gingivitis patients and 47.9% in the healthy group. For\n                      <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the prevalence was 25.6% among the periodontitis patients, 5.7% among the gingivitis patients and 3.2% in the heathy group. Positivity for\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly correlated with the presence of periodontal disease compared to the healthy group with odds ratio (OR) of 6.6. Periodontal disease was also correlated with lower monthly income (OR=8.2), lack of dental care (OR=4.8), and history of diabetes mellitus (OR=4.5). Colonization by\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was correlated with gingivitis (OR=6.1) compared to the healthy group. Colonization by\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      were significantly correlated with periodontitis (OR=6.4 for\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and OR=4.7, for\n                      <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) compared to the healthy group.\n                      <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      was only detected among individuals with generalized periodontal disease compared to its total absence among those with localized disease (19.6% vs. 0.0%; p=0.039). The co-infection rate by the two oral parasites was 11.0%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The higher prevalence of human oral parasites in periodontal disease compared to healthy individuals appears to be more than a mere marker for the disease and might also be associated with disease severity and potential for progression. Thus, the dogmatic view of\n                      <jats:italic>E. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>T. tenax<\/jats:italic>\n                      as commensals needs to be re-evaluated and their contribution to pathophysiology of periodontal diseases cannot be neglected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.782805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T07:55:42Z","timestamp":1638863742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Oral Colonization by Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax: A PCR-Based Study in Health, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alaa","family":"Yaseen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azmi","family":"Mahafzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deema","family":"Dababseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duaa","family":"Taim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad A.","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esraa","family":"Al-Fraihat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazan","family":"Hassona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcl\u015fen \u00d6zkaya","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Santi-Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Sallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Incidence of Entamoeba Gingivalis and Trichomonas Tenax in Samples of Dental Biofilm and Saliva From Patients With Periodontal Disease","volume":"59","author":"Albuquerque J\u00fanior","year":"2011","journal-title":"RGO Rev. 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