{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T06:32:37Z","timestamp":1778049157487,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria parasites can adjust the proportion of parasites that develop into gametocytes, and thus the probability for human-to-vector transmission, through changes in the gametocyte conversion rate. Understanding the factors that impact the commitment of malaria parasites to transmission is required to design better control interventions. <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> spp. persist across countries with vast differences in transmission intensities, and in sites where transmission is highly seasonal. Mounting evidence shows that <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> spp. adjusts the investment in transmission according to seasonality of vector abundance, and transmission intensity. Various techniques to determine the investment in transmission are available, i.e., short-term culture, where the conversion rate can be measured most directly, genome and transcriptome studies, quantification of mature gametocytes, and mosquito feeding assays. In sites with seasonal transmission, the proportion of gametocytes, their densities and infectivity are higher during the wet season, when vectors are plentiful. When countries with pronounced differences in transmission intensity were compared, the investment in transmission was higher when transmission was low, thus maximizing the parasite\u2019s chances to be transmitted to mosquitoes. Increased transmissibility of residual infections after a successful reduction of malaria transmission levels need to be considered when designing intervention measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.786317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T05:56:05Z","timestamp":1638942965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Adjust Investment in Transmission in Response to Change in Transmission Intensity: A Review of the Current State of Research"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Colins O.","family":"Oduma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Koepfli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-278","article-title":"Blocking Malaria Transmission to Anopheles Mosquitoes Using Artemisinin Derivatives and Primaquine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Abay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2787-7","article-title":"High Proportions of Asymptomatic and Submicroscopic Plasmodium Vivax Infections in a Peri-Urban Area of Low Transmission in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"11","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.366","article-title":"Quantitative Determination of Plasmodium Vivax Gametocytes by Real-Time Quantitative Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification in Clinical Samples","volume":"81","author":"Beurskens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. 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