{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:00:58Z","timestamp":1790413258593,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1) is a pluripotent cytokine that is important in many infections, though its role in <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic> infection remains poorly understood. The need to understand TNF\u03b1 in <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic> infection has increased recently with the widespread use of TNF\u03b1 inhibitors for a wide variety of autoimmune conditions. Here, we couple the newly developed <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic> infection model using strain Cp1038 and C57BL\/6 \u00d7 DBA\/2J F1 (B6D2F1) mice. B6D2F1 mice develop long-lasting control of Cp1038. Treatment of B6D2F1 mice with anti-TNF\u03b1 antibodies permits significant fungal proliferation and death. Additionally, we show that antibody treatment limited to the first 2 weeks of infection was sufficient to induce this same loss of fungal control. Importantly, anti-TNF\u03b1 antibody treatment initiated after fungal control leads to a loss of host control. These results highlight the importance of TNF\u03b1 in both the initial control of murine <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic> and ongoing suppression of the fungal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.796114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T06:59:10Z","timestamp":1643612350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["TNF\u03b1 Blockade Inhibits Both Initial and Continued Control of Pulmonary Coccidioides"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.","family":"Shubitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine D.","family":"Butkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hien T.","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba M.","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Frelinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Galgiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy019","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis in Selected Immunosuppressed Hosts","volume":"57","author":"Blair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. 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Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.796114\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T06:59:12Z","timestamp":1643612352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.796114\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.796114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.796114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"article-number":"796114"}}