{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:50:19Z","timestamp":1792788619084,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011501","name":"Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biliary calculi, a common benign disease of the gastrointestinal tract, are affected by multiple factors, including diet, lifestyle, living environment, and personal and genetic background. Its occurrence is believed to be related to a change in biliary microbiota. Approximately 10%\u201320% of symptomatic patients with cholecystolithiasis have choledocholithiasis, resulting in infection, abdominal pain, jaundice, and biliary pancreatitis. This study aimed to determine whether a dysfunction in the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the outflow of bile and separates the bile duct from the intestine, leads to a change in biliary microbiota and the occurrence of biliary calculi.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis were prospectively recruited. Bile specimens were obtained, and biliary pressure was measured during and after surgery. The collected specimens were analyzed with 16S rRNA gene to characterize the biliary microbiota. The risk factors of common bile duct calculi were analyzed numerically combined with the pressure in the sphincter of Oddi.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Different biliary microbiota were found in all cases. Patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction had significantly increased biliary microbiota as well as significantly higher level of systemic inflammation than patients with normal sphincter of Oddi.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The systemic inflammatory response of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is more severe, and their microbial community significantly differs from that of patients with normal sphincter of Oddi, which makes biliary tract infection more likely; furthermore, the biliary tract of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction has more gallstone-related bacterial communities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1001441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T06:40:15Z","timestamp":1670395215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction on the abundance of biliary microbiota (biliary microecology) in patients with common bile duct stones"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Linxun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanxue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jindu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.08.586","article-title":"The STROCSS statement: Strengthening the reporting of cohort studies in surgery","volume":"46","author":"Agha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviscsurg.2022.01.008","article-title":"Sphincter of oddidysfunction","volume":"159","author":"Boivineau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Visc. Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2014.140","article-title":"Cholesterol gallstone disease: focusing on the role of gallbladder","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5107(93)70157-1","article-title":"Sphincter of oddi dysfunction in patients with intact gallbladder: therapeutic response to endoscopic sphincterotomy","volume":"39","author":"Choudhry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.8.596","article-title":"Unconjugated bilirubin in human bile: the nucleating factor in cholesterol cholelithiasis","volume":"56","author":"Dutt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.038","article-title":"Burden of digestive diseases in the united states part III: liver, biliary tract, and pancreas","volume":"136","author":"Everhart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4038\/gmj.v11i1.1110","article-title":"Aerobic bacteria associated with symptomatic gallstone disease and their antimicrobial susceptibility","volume":"11","author":"Gomes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gall. Med. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2022-0481","article-title":"Recent discoveries in microbiota dysbiosis, cholangiocytic factors, and models for studying the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Med. (Wars)."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02557-3","article-title":"Gallbladder microbiota composition is associated with pancreaticobiliary and gallbladder cancer prognosis","volume":"22","author":"Kirishima","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29571-8","article-title":"Metagenomics of pigmented and cholesterol gallstones: The putative role of bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Kose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.009","article-title":"Roles of sphincter of oddi laxity in bile duct microenvironment in patients with cholangiolithiasis: From the perspective of the microbiome and metabolome","volume":"222","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"1223","article-title":"The scintigraphic evaluation of sphincter of oddi dysfunction","volume":"33","author":"Lisbona","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.3.371","article-title":"Influence of cholecystectomy on sphincter of oddi motility","volume":"41","author":"Luman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000218","article-title":"Short-term and long-term outcomes after endoscopic sphincterotomy versus endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for bile duct stones","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0712-8","article-title":"The human gallbladder microbiome is related to the physiological state and the biliary metabolic profifile","volume":"7","author":"Molinero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3559-2","article-title":"Prognostic factors and postoperative recurrence of calculus following small-incision sphincterotomy with papillary balloon dilation for the treatment of intractable choledocholithiasis: a 72-month follow-up study","volume":"60","author":"Mu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases And. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1443-1661.2012.01393.x","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones","volume":"25","author":"Natsui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182924","article-title":"Bile microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis: Impact on disease progression and development of biliary dysplasia","volume":"12","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R500013-JLR200","article-title":"Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria","volume":"47","author":"Ridlon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i24.5540","article-title":"Effects of sphincter of oddi motility on the formation of cholesterol gallstones","volume":"22","author":"Rong","year":"2016","journal-title":"World. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.S091199","article-title":"Gallbladder bile supersaturated with cholesterol in gallstone patients preferentially develops from shortage of bile acids","volume":"60","author":"Rudling","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0263-x","article-title":"Screen-detected gallstone disease and cardiovascular disease","volume":"32","author":"Shabanzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17450","article-title":"Metagenomic sequencing of bile from gallstone patients to identify different microbial community patterns and novel biliary bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.05.009","article-title":"Gallstone disease: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification of biliary stones (common bile duct and intrahepatic)","volume":"20","author":"Tazuma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06072.x","article-title":"Sphincter of oddi: Function, dysfunction, and its management","author":"Toouli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496916650998","article-title":"Gallstone disease and the risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"106","author":"Upala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Surg."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/crsi.2017.0027","article-title":"Hepatolithiasis as a cause of recurrent cholangitis","volume":"2","author":"Villalabeitia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgical. Infect. Case Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3760\/j:issn:0529-5815.2007.01.017","article-title":"The relationship between oddi's sphincter and bile duct pigment gallstone","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zhonghua. Wai. Ke. Za. Zhi"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-669","article-title":"Gutmicrobiota dysbiosis and bacterial community assembly associated with cholesterol gallstones in large-scale study","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC. Genomics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104966","article-title":"The imbalance of biliary microflora in hepatolithiasis","volume":"157","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.08.006","article-title":"An excerpt of BSG guidelines on the management of common bile duct stones","volume":"33","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hepatol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150519","article-title":"Influence of the biliary system on biliary bacteria revealed by bacterial communities of the human biliary and upper digestive tracts","volume":"11","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i16.4730","article-title":"Roles of sphincter of oddi motility and serum vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin and cholecystokinin octapeptide","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4077","article-title":"Sphincter of oddi hypomotility and its relationship with duodenal-biliary reflux, plasma motilin and serum gastrin","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"World. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3295","article-title":"Sphincter of oddi laxity alters bile duct microbiota and contributes to the recurrence of choledocholithiasis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.006","article-title":"Bile duct colonization with enterococcus sp. associates with disease progression in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"16","author":"Zigmond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1001441\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T06:40:20Z","timestamp":1670395220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1001441\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1001441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1001441","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"article-number":"1001441"}}