{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:19:46Z","timestamp":1790479186276,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004775","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) against acute radiation proctitis (ARP) in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, model, dexamethasone-positive, GRg3 low-dose, GRg3 medium-dose, and GRg3 high-dose groups. The ARP rat model was established by a single 22-Gy irradiation of 6 MV) X-rays. The distribution and function of intestinal flora were detected using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, rectal tissue was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;amp;E) staining, the expression of interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and IL-10 inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA, and mRNA and protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB) were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GRg3 improved the symptoms of ARP in rats in a dose-dependent manner. The species distribution of intestinal flora in GRg3 rats was significantly different from that in ARP rats. These differences were more significant in the high-dose group, where the numbers of\n                      <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and other beneficial bacteria were significantly increased, whereas those of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Alloprevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and other harmful bacteria were decreased. In addition, GRg3 was closely related to amino acid metabolism. After GRg3 treatment, the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-\u03baB in rectal tissue was significantly down-regulated, and the level of downstream inflammatory factor IL-1\u03b2 decreased, whereas that of IL-10 increased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study indicated GRg3 as a new compound for the treatment of ARP by inhibiting the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway, down-regulating the expression of proinflammatory factors, thus effectively regulating intestinal flora and reducing inflammatory reactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1028576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T09:45:26Z","timestamp":1672998326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ginsenoside Rg3 treats acute radiation proctitis through the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway and regulation of intestinal flora"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8806","article-title":"Diet and specific microbial exposure trigger features of environmental enteropathy in a novel murine model","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.02.011","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice through inactivating the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2157-1","article-title":"NEK7 interacts with NLRP3 to modulate the pyroptosis in inflammatory bowel disease via NF-kappaB signaling","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.114.058404","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the turnover of intestinal epithelia in preclinical animal species and humans","volume":"42","author":"Darwich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.04.010","article-title":"Saponins regulate intestinal inflammation in colon cancer and IBD","volume":"144","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-313789","article-title":"Radiation induces proinflammatory dysbiosis: transmission of inflammatory susceptibility by host cytokine induction","volume":"67","author":"Gerassy-Vainberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.02.012","article-title":"A microbiome foundation for the study of crohn's disease","volume":"21","author":"Gevers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"6","article-title":"Association of radiotherapy-related intestinal injury and cancer-related fatigue: A brief review and commentary","volume":"40","author":"Gonzalez-Mercado","year":"2021","journal-title":"P R Health Sci. J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1547337","article-title":"Radiation proctopathy","volume":"28","author":"Grodsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000632","article-title":"Radiation enteritis: from diagnosis to management","volume":"36","author":"Hale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e3281108014","article-title":"Radiation damage to the gastrointestinal tract: mechanisms, diagnosis, and management","volume":"1","author":"Hauer-Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.03.002","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 ameliorates allergic airway inflammation and oxidative stress in mice","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1004-4221.2019.11.012","article-title":"Experimental study of ginsenoside Rg3 in the treatment of acute radiation proctitis in rat models","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Radia Oncol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030444","article-title":"Pro-resolving effect of ginsenosides as an anti-inflammatory mechanism of panax ginseng","volume":"10","author":"Im","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.586392","article-title":"The impact of gut microbiota on radiation-induced enteritis","volume":"11","author":"Jian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.12.016","article-title":"The resolution of inflammation: anti-inflammatory roles for NF-kappaB","volume":"42","author":"Lawrence","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7521601","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7521601","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rg3 via NF-kappaB pathway in A549 cells and human asthmatic lung tissue","volume":"2016","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.637265","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota associated with hemorrhage in chronic radiation proctitis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01450","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolite fights against dietary polysorbate 80-aggravated radiation enteritis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.541178","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiome composition and lipid metabolic profile in radiation enteritis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12556","article-title":"The nutrition-gut microbiome-physiology axis and allergic diseases","volume":"278","author":"McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13419","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13419","article-title":"Altered intestinal microbiota-host mitochondria crosstalk in new onset crohn's disease","volume":"7","author":"Mottawea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i2.185","article-title":"Gastrointestinal radiation injury: symptoms, risk factors and mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Shadad","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314279","article-title":"The microbiota: an underestimated actor in radiation-induced lesions","volume":"67","author":"Sokol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5051488","article-title":"Interaction between host cells and microbes in chemotherapy-induced mucositis","volume":"5","author":"Stringer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107272","article-title":"Effect of gut microbiota on LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating the TLR4\/NF-kB signaling pathway","volume":"91","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.02.012","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of signaling by cooperative assembly formation in innate immunity pathways","volume":"86","author":"Vajjhala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00316","article-title":"A comparative review of toll-like receptor 4 expression and functionality in different animal species","volume":"5","author":"Vaure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14289","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis is associated with development and progression of radiation enteritis during pelvic radiotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01899-y","article-title":"The impact of pelvic radiotherapy on the gut microbiome and its role in radiation-induced diarrhoea: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00850","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via MerTK-dependent activation of the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.03.003","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome protects against loss of epithelial integrity and mortality during experimental colitis","volume":"32","author":"Zaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8653783","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8653783","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin ameliorates radiation enteritis in mice accompanied by the regulation of the HMGB1\/TLR4 pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03906","article-title":"Antibiotic alleviates radiation-induced intestinal injury by remodeling microbiota, reducing inflammation, and inhibiting fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.80","article-title":"Tight junctions: from simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates","volume":"17","author":"Zihni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1028576\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T09:45:31Z","timestamp":1672998331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1028576\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1028576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1028576","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"article-number":"1028576"}}