{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:41:11Z","timestamp":1772750471763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The significant rise in the number of tick-borne diseases represents a major threat to public health worldwide. One such emerging disease is human babesiosis, which is caused by several protozoan parasites of the <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\u00a0genus of which <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic> is responsible for most clinical cases reported to date. Recent studies have shown that during its intraerythrocytic life cycle, <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic> exports several antigens into the mammalian host using a novel vesicular-mediated secretion mechanism. One of these secreted proteins is the immunodominant antigen BmGPI12, which has been demonstrated to be a reliable biomarker of active <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic> infection. The major immunogenic determinants of this antigen remain unknown. Here we provide a comprehensive molecular and serological characterization of a set of eighteen monoclonal antibodies developed against BmGPI12 and a detailed profile of their binding specificity and suitability in the detection of active <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic> infection. Serological profiling and competition assays using synthetic peptides identified five unique epitopes on the surface of BmGPI12 which are recognized by a set of eight monoclonal antibodies. ELISA-based antigen detection assays identified five antibody combinations that specifically detect the secreted form of BmGPI12 in plasma samples from <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>-infected mice and humans but not from other <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> species or <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1039197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T05:54:02Z","timestamp":1669355642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Epitope profiling of monoclonal antibodies to the immunodominant antigen BmGPI12 of the human pathogen Babesia microti"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Meenal","family":"Chand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Yeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anasuya C.","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Thekkiniath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sushma","family":"Timalsina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gauri","family":"Gaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Ledizet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choukri Ben","family":"Mamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111384","article-title":"Babesia microti immunoreactive rhoptry-associated protein-1 paralogs are ancestral members of the piroplasmid-confined RAP-1 family","volume":"10","author":"Bastos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091176","article-title":"Preventing transfusion-transmitted babesiosis","volume":"10","author":"Bloch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3225-x","article-title":"Babesia microti from humans and ticks hold a genomic signature of strong population structure in the united states","volume":"17","author":"Carpi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04235-7","article-title":"Activities of artesunate-based combinations and tafenoquine against babesia bovis in vitro and babesia microti in vivo","volume":"13","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. 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