{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:30:14Z","timestamp":1783956614633,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are closely related intracellular protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary concern by causing abortions and systemic illness. Limited or ambiguous data on the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum in camels triggered us to conduct this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Camels (n = 460) recently imported from Sudan and destined mainly for human consumption, were tested for specific antibodies against these protozoans using commercially available ELISAs. From the two only quarantine stations for camels from Sudan, 368 camels were sampled between November 2015 and March 2016 in Shalateen, Red Sea governorate, and 92 samples were collected between September 2018 and March 2021 from Abu Simbel, Aswan governorate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results &amp;amp; Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, seropositive rates in camels were 25.7%, 3.9% and 0.8% for T. gondii, N. caninum and mixed infection, respectively. However, marked differences were found between the two study sites and\/or the two sampling periods: For T. gondii, a higher rate of infection was recorded in the Red Sea samples (31.5%, 116\/368; odds ratio 20.7, 5.0-85.6; P&amp;lt;0.0001) than in those collected in Aswan (2.2%, 2\/92). The opposite was found for N. caninum with a lower rate of infection in the Red Sea samples (0.82%, 3\/368; odds ratio 23.7, 6.7-83.9; P&amp;lt;0.0001) than in the samples from Aswan (16.3%, 15\/92). Additionally, our systematic review revealed that the overall published seroprevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum was 28.6% and 14.3% in camels worldwide, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first record of seroprevalence of both T. gondii and N. caninum in recently imported camels kept under quarantine conditions before delivery to other Egyptian cities and regions. In addition, our review provides inclusive data on the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum in camel globally. This knowledge provides basic data for the implementation of strategies and control measures against neosporosis and toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1042279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T05:31:01Z","timestamp":1668403861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in camels recently imported to Egypt from Sudan and a global systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ragab M.","family":"Fereig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan H.","family":"Abdelbaky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El-Sayed","family":"El-Alfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Diasty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Y. A. H.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alsagher O.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab","family":"Mossaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah F.","family":"Alsayeqh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline F.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8635","article-title":"Survey for certain zoonotic diseases in camels in Sudan","volume":"40","author":"Abbas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev. Elev Med. Vet. Pays Trop."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001367","article-title":"A review on toxoplasmosis in humans and animals from Egypt","volume":"147","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100475","article-title":"First report of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) population in south East Algeria","volume":"22","author":"Abdallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol: Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.32268\/jprotozoolres.30.1-2_31","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in farm animals in West kordofan, and blue Nile states, Sudan","volume":"30","author":"Abdelbaset","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Protozool Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.13.3.794","article-title":"Survey of antibodies against various infectious disease agents in racing camels in Abu Dhabi, united Arab Emirates","volume":"13","author":"Afzal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev. Scientifique Technique (International Office Epizootics)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.21608\/bvmj.2017.30466","article-title":"Serological and PCR-sequencing assays for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infecting camels in Egypt","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Benha Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"245","article-title":"Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera from camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Riyadh province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"41","author":"Al-Anazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.12816\/0006349","article-title":"Antibodies in sera from camels (Camelus dromedarius) in western and southern regions of central province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"42","author":"Al-Anazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.12816\/0006414","article-title":"Determination of seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in sheep, goats and camels slaughtered for food and human consumptions in Riyadh municipal abattoirs, Saudi Arabia","volume":"43","author":"Alanazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"79","article-title":"Serological detection of infection rate with toxoplasmosis in camels at Al-najaf governorate, Iraq","volume":"19","author":"Al-Dhalimy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Arch."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"368","article-title":"Survey of Toxoplasma gondii in livestocks\u2019 meat (sheep, goat, camel), using nested PCR method in sabzavar district","volume":"5","author":"Aliabadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Online J. Nat. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2018.50.4.1199.1203","article-title":"Serological prevalence of Neospora caninum in indigenous dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Aljumaah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Zool."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serological studies of Toxoplasma gondii infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"57","author":"Al-Khatib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assiut Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3923\/rjmsci.2011.190.192","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats, dogs and ruminant animals in Al-ahsa area in Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"Al-Mohammed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.30539\/iraqijvm.v40i1.152","article-title":"Seroprevelance study of Toxoplasma gondii in horses and camels animal in wasit province","volume":"40","author":"Asal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iraq J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0807-6","article-title":"A study on the status of inflammatory systems in camels naturally infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"47","author":"Azma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5470-6","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in exotic ruminants and camelids in the Czech republic","volume":"116","author":"B\u00e1rtov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"65","article-title":"Serosurveillance of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in camels at tumbool slaughterhouse, central Sudan","volume":"27","author":"Basheir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sudan J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1987.tb00409.x","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to some viral pathogens, Brucella abortus and Toxoplasma gondii in serum from camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sudan","volume":"34","author":"Bornstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1084993","article-title":"Toxoplasma infection and milk consumption: Meta-analysis of assumptions and evidences","volume":"57","author":"Boughattas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"7","article-title":"Haematological and biochemical studies on toxoplasmosis in racing camels-a preliminary report","volume":"3","author":"Chaudhary","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.14737\/jimb.2307-5465\/2.1.16.18","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in and around bahawalpur region of Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1311","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in raw caprine, ovine, buffalo, bovine, and camel milk using cell cultivation, cat bioassay, capture ELISA, and PCR methods in Iran","volume":"10","author":"Dehkordi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-017-2461-z","article-title":"Potential pathogens in infertile male dromedary camels and their association with the spermiogram and clinical findings","volume":"26","author":"Derar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2003.41.1.1","article-title":"Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals","volume":"41","author":"Dubey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kor J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis in animals and man","author":"Dubey","year":"2010"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2006.08.001","article-title":"Neosporosis, toxoplasmosis, and sarcocystosis in ruminants","volume":"22","author":"Dubey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N Am. - Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00031-06","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum","volume":"20","author":"Dubey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105060","article-title":"Molecular screening approach to identify protozoan and trichostrongylid parasites infecting one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"197","author":"El-Alfy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(92)90158-6","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pastoral camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the butana plains, mid-Eastern Sudan","volume":"43","author":"Elamin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3923\/aje.2017.37.44","article-title":"Molecular detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Egyptian isolates","volume":"10","author":"Elfadaly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"74","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in camels in tamboul area, Sudan","volume":"8","author":"Elias","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Anim. Prod."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"677","article-title":"Serological studies on toxoplasmosis in zagazig slaughterhouse","volume":"20","author":"El-Ridi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"27","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis of camels in assiut governorate","volume":"39","author":"Fahmy","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Egypt Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6124-z","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) of thal and cholistan deserts, punjab, Pakistan","volume":"118","author":"Fatima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-020-00176-z","article-title":"How many large camelids in the world? a synthetic analysis of the world camel demographic changes","volume":"10","author":"Faye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.032","article-title":"Serological detection and epidemiology of Neospora caninum and Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies in cattle in southern Egypt","volume":"162","author":"Fereig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2016.05.002","article-title":"Seroprevalence and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in farm animals in different regions of Egypt","author":"Fereig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1133-3","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) of borana zone, oromia region, Ethiopia: seroprevalence and risk factors","volume":"48","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0222-7","article-title":"First report of Toxoplasma gondii in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Ethiopia: bioassay and seroepidemiological investigation","volume":"10","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1969.11686626","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in India: prevalence of antibodies in camels","volume":"63","author":"Gill","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.wasj.2015.33.12.10192","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology of camel toxoplasmosis and public awareness on its zoonotic importance in central afar region, north East Ethiopia","volume":"33","author":"Hadush","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.02.347","article-title":"Acute toxoplasmosis in a camel","volume":"196","author":"Hagemoser","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1110-21","article-title":"Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the center of Iran","volume":"37","author":"Hamidinejat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00181-7","article-title":"Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera from camels from Egypt","volume":"75","author":"Hilali","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1987.11812094","article-title":"A serological survey of the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered animals in Saudi Arabia","volume":"81","author":"Hossain","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"35","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius): a serologic assay in Iran","volume":"17","author":"Hosseininejad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"B49","first-page":"61","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in isfahan province, center of Iran","volume":"4","author":"Hosseininejad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iran J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030103","article-title":"Zoonotic pathogens of dromedary camels in Kenya: a systematised review","volume":"7","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(88)90030-1","article-title":"Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Saudi Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"28","author":"Hussein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06306-w","article-title":"Detection and genotypic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii DNA within the milk of Mongolian livestock","volume":"118","author":"Iacobucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"723","article-title":"Area-wide detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dairy animals from the Khartoum state, Sudan","volume":"8","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Life Sci."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"19","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dairy camels from the Khartoum state, Sudan","volume":"1","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sudan J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"273","article-title":"Serological and histopathological studies on Toxoplasma gondii among the workers and the slaughtered animals in tanta abattoir, gharbia governorate","volume":"27","author":"Ibrahim","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2011.18.006","article-title":"A molecular survey on cystic echinococcosis in sinnar area, blue Nile state (Sudan)","volume":"124","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4236\/ojvm.2014.48019","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of toxoplasmosis in domestic animals in benadir region, Somalia","volume":"4","author":"Kadle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79389-0","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of dromedary camels","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2021"},{"key":"B59","volume-title":"Parasitological and molecular detection of echinococcosis in some wild animal species","author":"Khalid","year":"2016"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"36","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in farm animals (camels, cattle, and sheep) in Sudan","volume":"3","author":"Khalil","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"11","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in camels and their herders in three ecologically different areas in Sudan","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.17460","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in cattle, camels and sheep in isfahan and chaharmahal va bakhtiary provinces, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Khamesipour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106139","article-title":"Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii infecting ruminants in the north-West of Egypt","volume":"225","author":"Khattab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v17i1.9033","article-title":"Abortion related to Toxoplasma gondii infection in a bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) in Greece: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Komnenou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B65","first-page":"273","article-title":"Incidence of toxoplasmosis in domestic animals in Afghanistan","volume":"23","author":"Kozojed","year":"1976","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"711","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in ruminants by using latex agglutination test (LAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in assiut governorate","volume":"33","author":"Kuraa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"B67","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Hematological and biochemical alterations associated with toxoplasmosis in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) habitating in cholistan desert of bahawalpur, punjab, pakistan. JAPS","volume":"28","author":"Lashari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.36326\/kjvs\/2014\/v5i24194","article-title":"Serosurvillance on toxoplasmosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) at Al-najaf province","volume":"5","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kufa J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12688","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in animals from captivity (zoo and circus animals)","volume":"66","author":"Markov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eukaryotic Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","first-page":"58","article-title":"Toxoplasma serologic survey in man and domestic animals in Egypt","volume":"47","author":"Maronpot","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Egypt Pub Health Assoc."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-020-00333-9","article-title":"Global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in camelidae: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Maspi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.07.029","article-title":"A transversal study on antibodies against selected pathogens in dromedary camels in the canary islands, Spain","volume":"167","author":"Mentaberre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B73","first-page":"129","article-title":"Incidence of Toxoplasma antibodies among camels in Egypt","volume":"7","author":"Michael","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.239","article-title":"Zoonotic implications of camel diseases in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612020008","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","author":"Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70132-5_5","article-title":"Neospora","volume-title":"Parasitic Protozoa of farm animals and pets","author":"Moore","year":"2018"},{"key":"B77","first-page":"90","article-title":"Comparative analysis of toxoplasmosis in farm animals by indirect hemagglutination assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"46","author":"Mosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alex J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5598-4","article-title":"The incrimination of three trypanosome species in clinically affected German shepherd dogs in Sudan","volume":"116","author":"Mossaad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.22092\/AASRJ.2017.115836","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the south of Iran","volume":"6","author":"Namavari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci. Res. J."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1300-1","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in the serum of camels (Camelus dromedarius) from central punjab, Pakistan","volume":"49","author":"Nazir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237910","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Nigeria\u2013a serological survey","volume":"13","author":"Okoh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.21608\/ejar.2016.153236","article-title":"Studies on causes of abortion in maghrabian camels","volume":"94","author":"Osman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"B83","first-page":"135","article-title":"Incidence of toxoplasmosis among farm animals in Suez canal governorates","volume":"7","author":"Rifaat","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"339","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies among slaughtered animals in lower Egypt","volume":"8","author":"Rifaat","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0057.1","article-title":"Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a captive adult dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"48","author":"Riley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019006","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in north Africa: a review. infection par toxoplasma gondii et toxoplasmose en afrique du nord : synth\u00e8se","volume":"26","author":"Rouatbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite (Paris France)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1262-1265","article-title":"Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in raw goat, sheep, and camel milk in upper Egypt","volume":"11","author":"Saad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-0118-3","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in mashhad, Iran","volume":"98","author":"Sadrebazzaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B89","first-page":"281","article-title":"Latex agglutation test and PCR assays for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in red meat producing animals in Aswan governorate, southern Egypt","volume":"58","author":"Sameeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Slov Vet. Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017024","article-title":"Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran, (1931\u20132017)\u2013a literature review","volume":"24","author":"Sazmand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3863-3","article-title":"Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so important, so ignored","volume":"12","author":"Sazmand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02370-y","article-title":"Neosporosis among Egyptian camels and its associated risk factors","volume":"52","author":"Selim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"837","article-title":"Evaluation of different Toxoplasma gondii isolates as antigens used in the modified agglutination test for the detection of toxoplasmosis in camels and donkeys","volume":"3","author":"Shaapan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am-Eurasian J. Agr Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.007","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from ruminants: a systematic review","volume":"258","author":"Sharif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.110-118","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated alterations in hematology and serum biochemistry of one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"Shehzad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1515\/mammalia-2015-0089","article-title":"Recent observation for leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt","volume":"81","author":"Soultan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mammalia"},{"key":"B97","first-page":"382","article-title":"The first survey of isolation and molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii by bioassay and PCR method in BALB\/c mice in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from eastern Iran","volume":"13","author":"Tavakoli Kareshk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4263470","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among domestic ruminants in East hararghe zone of oromia region, Ethiopia","volume":"2018","author":"Tilahun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.wjms.2013.8.1.72161","article-title":"High diagnostic efficiency of affinity isolated fraction in camel and cattle toxoplasmosis","volume":"8","author":"Toaleb","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Med. Sci. J."},{"key":"B100","first-page":"106","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and some helminthic parasites in camels from nevsehir province of Turkey","volume":"67","author":"Utuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Isr. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-296120201088","article-title":"Risk factor analysis associated with Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Western Brazilian Amazon","volume":"30","author":"Venturoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.028","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) in China","volume":"192","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2021.030","article-title":"Seroprevalence of camels listeriosis, brucellosis and toxoplasmosis from kirkuk province-Iraq","volume":"41","author":"Yawoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak Vet. J."},{"key":"B104","first-page":"247","article-title":"A serological survey for Toxoplasma antibodies in cattle, sheep, goats and camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Sudan","volume":"38","author":"Zain Eldin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. d'Elevage Med. Vet. Des. Pays Tropicaux (France)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02197-2","article-title":"Camelids: new players in the international animal production context","volume":"52","author":"Zarrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-021-00184-x","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii using loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in camels and small ruminants","volume":"11","author":"Zeedan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01413-7","article-title":"A review of zoonotic pathogens of dromedary camels","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecohealth"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1042279\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T02:39:18Z","timestamp":1728355158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1042279\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1042279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1042279","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"article-number":"1042279"}}