{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:59:30Z","timestamp":1792166370685,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Filarial infections caused by nematodes are one of the major neglected tropical diseases with public health concern. Although there is significant decrease in microfilariae (mf) prevalence following mass drug administration (IVM\/DEC\/ALB administration), this is transient, in that there is reported microfilaria repopulation 6-12 months after treatment. <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> bacteria have been recommended as a novel target presenting antibiotic-based treatment for filarial disease. Potency of antibiotics against filarial diseases is undoubtful, however, the duration for treatment remains a hurdle yet to be overcome in filarial disease treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1044412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T05:52:01Z","timestamp":1668664321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The filarial and the antibiotics: Single or combination therapy using antibiotics for filariasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fatima Amponsah","family":"Fordjour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kwarteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_454_17","article-title":"Anti\u2013 wolbachia therapy for onchocerciasis & lymphatic filariasis: Current perspectives","volume":"149","author":"Aliaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2013017\u201300322\u20135","article-title":"Rifampicin achieves wolbachia depletion predictive of curative outcomes in preclinical models of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"7","author":"Aljayyoussi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001339","article-title":"Host specificity, evolutionary relationships and macrogeographic differentiation among ascaris populations from humans and pigs","volume":"115","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068732","article-title":"The role of endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness","volume":"295","author":"Andre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002953","article-title":"A randomized, single\u2013ascending\u2013dose, ivermectin\u2013controlled, double\u2013blind study of moxidectin in onchocerca volvulus infection","volume":"8","author":"Awadzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.5.1635","article-title":"A common polymorphism in the 5\u2019\u2013untranslated region of the VEGF gene is associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Awata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20133099(16)30274\u20132","article-title":"High\u2013dose rifampicin, moxifloxacin, and SQ109 for treating tuberculosis: A multi\u2013arm, multi\u2013stage randomised controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Boeree","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.04.006","article-title":"What are the mechanisms associated with post\u2013ivermectin serious adverse events? trends","volume":"22","author":"Boussinesq","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527659685.ch12","article-title":"Antibiotics targeting bacterial RNA polymerase","volume":"12","author":"Brodolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antibiot Targets, Mech Resist"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0151-8","article-title":"Malaria: Global progress 2000\u20132015 and future challenges","volume":"5","author":"Cibulskis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"288","article-title":"Review determinants of parasite drug resistance in human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"29","author":"Cobo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Quimioterapia"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30261-0","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: The calm before the storm","volume":"19","author":"Conrad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0900863.A","article-title":"A randomized trial of doxycycline for mansonella perstans infection yaya","volume":"361","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2012","journal-title":"NIH Public access"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30286-2","article-title":"The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000\u20132018: A geospatial analysis","volume":"8","author":"Cromwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00005-7","article-title":"Teratogenic study of doxycycline","volume":"89","author":"Czeizel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"DebrahU. K.\n            Klarmann-SchulzU\n          The efficacy of rifapentine plus moxifloxacin against onchocerciasis: A randomized, open label pilot trial2018"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201617","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/201617","article-title":"Macrofilaricidal activity in wuchereria bancrofti after 2 weeks treatment with a combination of rifampicin plus doxycycline","volume":"2011","author":"Debrah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology Research"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.956","article-title":"Reduction in levels of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor\u2013a and improvement in hydrocele patients by targeting endosymbiotic wolbachia sp. in wuchereria bancrofti with doxycycline","volume":"80","author":"Debrah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020092","article-title":"Doxycycline reduces plasma VEGF\u2013C\/sVEGFR\u20133 and improves pathology in lymphatic filariasis","volume":"2","author":"Debrah","year":"2006","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.601","article-title":"Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor\u2013a (VEGF\u2013a) and VEGF\u2013a gene polymorphism are associated with hydrocele development in lymphatic filariasis","volume":"77","author":"Debrah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0491","article-title":"The efficacy of doxycycline treatment on mansonella perstans Infection: An open\u2013label , randomized trial in Ghana","volume":"101","author":"Debrah","year":"2019","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ363","article-title":"Doxycycline leads to sterility and enhanced killing of female onchocerca volvulus worms in an area with persistent micro fi laridermia after repeated ivermectin Treatment: A randomized ,Trial, double\u2013blind","volume":"61","author":"Debrah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"B23","article-title":"Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection","volume":"350","author":"Gardon","year":"1997"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0472-z","article-title":"A murine macrofilaricide pre\u2013clinical screening model for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"7","author":"Halliday","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.2367","article-title":"A worm \u2018 s best friend\u202f: recruitment of neutrophils by wolbachia confounds eosinophil degranulation against the filarial nematode onchocerca ochengi","author":"Hansen","year":"2011"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01110.x","article-title":"How many species are infected with wolbachia? \u2013 a statistical analysis of current data","volume":"281","author":"Hilgenboecker","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0964-x","article-title":"Effects of 6\u2013week azithromycin treatment on the wolbachia endobacteria of onchocerca volvulus","volume":"103","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4768","article-title":"Tetracycline therapy targets intracellular bacteria in the filarial nematode litomosoides sigmodontis and results in filarial infertility","volume":"103","author":"Hoerauf","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investigation"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02095-X","article-title":"Endosymbiotic bacteria in worms as targets for a novel chemotherapy in filariasis","volume":"355","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816585116","article-title":"AWZ1066S, a highly specific anti-Wolbachia drug candidate for a short-course treatment of filariasis","volume":"116","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.38.145","article-title":"The corallopyronins, new inhibitors of bacterial RNA synthesis from myxobacteria","volume":"38","author":"Irschik","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Antibiot"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09216","article-title":"Sensitization of gram\u2013negative bacteria to rifampin and OAK combinations","volume":"5","author":"Jammal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29392\/001c.12838","article-title":"Socio\u2013demographic characteristics of the association between knowledge of antibiotic therapy and prudent use in Ghana","volume":"4","author":"Jimah T","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob Heal Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.09.001","article-title":"Repurposing of approved drugs from the human pharmacopoeia to target wolbachia endosymbionts of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"4","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-99","article-title":"Lipoprotein biosynthesis as a target for anti\u2013wolbachia treatment of filarial nematodes","volume":"3","author":"Johnston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv038","article-title":"Community\u2013directed interventions are practical and effective in low\u2013resource communities: Experience of ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis control in Cameroon and Uganda, 2004\u20132010","volume":"8","author":"Katabarwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0112","article-title":"Interruption of onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Abu hamed focus , interruption of onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Abu hamed focus, Sudan","volume":"89","author":"Katabarwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005156","article-title":"Comparison of doxycycline, minocycline, doxycycline plus albendazole and albendazole alone in their efficacy against onchocerciasis in a randomized, open\u2013label, pilot trial","author":"Klarmann\u2013schulz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002351","article-title":"Anti\u2013filarial activity of antibiotic therapy is due to extensive apoptosis after wolbachia depletion from filarial nematodes","volume":"7","author":"Landmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku176","article-title":"Antimicrobial drug resistance among clinically relevant bacterial isolates in sub\u2013Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Leopold","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001411","article-title":"Targeting the wolbachia cell division protein FtsZ as a new approach for antifilarial therapy","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.03.001","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases and mental health: A perspective on comorbidity","volume":"28","author":"Litt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00055-15","article-title":"Bacterial Transcription as a Target for Antibacterial Drug Development","volume":"80","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Molecular Biol. Revs."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis486","article-title":"Doxycycline improves filarial lymphedema independent of active filarial infection: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Mand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(05)80005-X","article-title":"Modes of action of anthelmintic drugs","volume":"154","author":"Martin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.232","article-title":"Is anthelmintic resistance a threat to the program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"73","author":"McCarthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.01.006","article-title":"Population dynamics of wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts in brugia malayi","volume":"135","author":"McGarry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(75)90110-8","article-title":"Micro-organisms in filarial larvae (Nematoda)","volume":"69","author":"Mclaren D.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"B49","article-title":"Rifapentine (Oral Route)","author":"Micromedex","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacist, American Society of Health, National Library of Medicine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0312-y","article-title":"Chemical constituents and antifilarial activity of lantana camara against human lymphatic filariid brugia malayi and rodent filariid acanthocheilonema viteae maintained in rodent hosts","volume":"100","author":"Misra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32844-1","article-title":"Single dose moxidectin versus ivermectin for onchocerca volvulus infection in Ghana, Liberia, and the democratic republic of the Congo: a randomised, controlled, double\u2013blind phase 3 trial","volume":"392","author":"Opoku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01133.x","article-title":"Filariasis and lymphoedema","volume":"31","author":"Pfarr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125002509","article-title":"Limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other as_pects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against anopheles transmitted filariasis","volume":"96","author":"Pichon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Pa_rasitol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0605:IVEOAO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"In vitro effects of antibiotics on brugia malayi worm survival and reproduction","volume":"88","author":"Rao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.878","article-title":"No depletion of wolbachia from onchocerca volvulus after a shortcourse of rifampin and \/ or azithromycin no depletion of wolbachia fromonchocerca volvulus after a short course of rifampin and \/ or azithromycin","volume":"77","author":"Richard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-010-0068-0","article-title":"Effect of certain antibiotics against filarial parasite brugia malayi In Vitro\u202f: Possible role of oxidative stress","volume":"25","author":"Sabharwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.08.010","article-title":"Corallopyronin A \u2013 A promising antibiotic for treatment of filariasis","volume":"304","author":"Sch\u00e4berle","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis341","article-title":"Corallopyronin a specifically targets and depletes essential obligate wolbachia endobacteria from filarial nematodes in vivo","volume":"206","author":"Schiefer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008055232-3.62211-1","article-title":"Moxifloxacin","author":"Scholar","year":"2007","journal-title":"xPharm Compr Pharmacol Ref"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.234","article-title":"Detection of benzi_midazole resistance\u2013associated mutations in the filarial nematode wuchereria bancrofti and evidence for selection by albendazole and ivermectin combination treatment","volume":"73","author":"Schwab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23458","article-title":"Minocycline as a re\u2013purposed anti\u2013 wolbachia macrofilaricide: superiority compared with doxycycline regimens in a murine infection model of human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Publ Gr."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000696","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis control in Tanzania: Effect of repeated mass drug administration with ivermectin and albendazole on infection and transmission","volume":"4","author":"Simonsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Neg. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2005.09.005","article-title":"Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002080","article-title":"A success story: Togo is moving toward becoming the first Sub\u2013Saharan African nation to eliminate lymphatic filariasis through mass drug administration and countrywide morbidity alleviation","volume":"7","author":"Sodahlon","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006116","article-title":"Combinations of registered drugs reduce treatment times required to deplete wolbachia in the litomosoides sigmodontis mouse model","author":"Specht","year":"2018"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2013015\u20131159\u20139","article-title":"Required duration of mass ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis elimination in Africa\u202f: a comparative modelling analysis","author":"Stolk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.8.1429","article-title":"Inflammatory responses induced by the filarial nematode brugia malayi are mediated by lipopolysaccharide\u2013like activity from endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria","volume":"191","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60586-7","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"376","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ882","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of coadministered diethylcarbamazine, albendazole, and ivermectin for treatment of bancroftian filariasis","volume":"62","author":"Thomsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2000.11813605","article-title":"Antibiotics and wolbachia in filarial nematodes: antifilarial activity of rifampicin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol against onchocerca gutturosa , onchocerca lienalis and brugia pahangi","volume":"94","author":"Townson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001825","article-title":"Proof\u2013of\u2013Principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa","volume":"6","author":"Traore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Final Results of a Study in Mali and Senegal"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1086\/501351","article-title":"Randomized, double\u2013blind clinical trial of a 3\u2013week course of doxycycline plus albendazole and ivermectin for the treatment of wuchereria bancrofti infection","volume":"42","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000660","article-title":"Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline only treatment of onchocerca volvulus in an area of loa loa co\u2013endemicity: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0779-4","article-title":"The potential impact of moxidectin on onchocerciasis elimination in Africa: an economic evaluation based on the phase II clinical trial data","volume":"8","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP","article-title":"Minocycline: The second important antimicrobial in multidrug\u2212resistant acinetobacter baumanii infections hyperbaric bupivacaine","volume":"34","author":"Upadhya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01040.x","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in murine filariasis (Litomosoides sigmodontis): Comparative effects of doxycycline and rifampicin on wolbachia and filarial viability","volume":"8","author":"Volkmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203519109","article-title":"Autophagy regulates wolbachia populations across diverse symbiotic associations","volume":"109","author":"Voronin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0817-2","article-title":"Situation analysis of parasitological and entomological indices of onchocerciasis transmission in three drainage basins of the rain forest of south West Cameroon after a decade of ivermectin treatment","volume":"8","author":"Wanji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B79","volume-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: report","year":"2011"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: Managing morbidity and preventing disability (World Heal Organ)","year":"2013"},{"key":"B81","first-page":"589","article-title":"Summary of global update on preventive chemotherapy implementation in 2016: crossing the billion","volume":"40","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol. Rec"},{"key":"B82","volume-title":"Global Vector Control Response 2017\u20132030","year":"2017"},{"key":"B83","first-page":"384","article-title":"Can ivermectin mass treatments eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa","volume":"80","author":"Winnen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"B84","volume-title":"Global programme for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1044412\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T05:52:08Z","timestamp":1668664328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1044412\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1044412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1044412","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"article-number":"1044412"}}