{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:31:56Z","timestamp":1778506316701,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial meningitis (BM) is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates in children. Although vaccination has improved prevention of BM, this severe disease continues to cause considerable harm to children across the globe. Several risk factors have been identified for BM, including immune status, age, and sex. However, additional patient and disease information is required in order to better understand the local characteristics, epidemiology and risk factors of BM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we collected information from 252 children with BM in the Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Centre medical record database infected with <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> between May 2015 and May 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The three pathogen infected BM cased showed distinct trends during the period, and distribution of three BM pathogens across age groups varied significantly. We reviewed the antimicrobial resistance patterns for each of the pathogens which may direct drug use in BM. Finally, we found blood WBC was a protective factor, while glucose levels in the CFS was risk factor, for the length of hospitalization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Collectively, this study provides multi-parameter characteristics of BM, and potentially guide the drug use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1092468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T13:24:02Z","timestamp":1673357042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characteristics and risk factors of bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Escherichia coli in Guangzhou China from 2015 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Danchun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00430-2","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults in the Netherlands 2006-14: a prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70261-5","article-title":"Host genetic susceptibility to pneumococcal and meningococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Brouwer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00070-09","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis","volume":"23","author":"Brouwer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/2051013616650158","article-title":"Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae as leading causes of pediatric bacterial meningitis in nine Mexican hospitals following 3 years of active surveillance","volume":"4","author":"Chacon-Cruz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccines"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa176","article-title":"Characteristics of Pediatric Recurrent Bacterial Meningitis in Beijing Children's Hospital 2006-2019","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002315","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults with cancer or a history of cancer","volume":"86","author":"Costerus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.10.026","article-title":"Sex-based differences in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018","article-title":"Sex-based differences in bacterial meningitis in adults: Epidemiology, clinical features, and therapeutic outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Hsieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.06.023","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and etiology of bacterial meningitis in Chinese children >28 days of age, January 2014-December 2016: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200721050-00001","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis: the impact of vaccination","volume":"21","author":"Makwana","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"314","article-title":"Aseptic and Bacterial Meningitis: Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention","volume":"96","author":"Mount","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam Physician."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00895-x","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from cerebrospinal fluid among children with bacterial meningitis in China from 2016 to 2018: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.11.009","article-title":"Childhood meningitis in Kuwait in the era of post pneumococcal conjugate vaccination: A multicenter study","volume":"10","author":"Sadeq","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2017.02.014","article-title":"Pediatric bacterial meningitis in Japan 2013-2015 - 3-5 years after the wide use of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugated vaccines","volume":"23","author":"Shinjoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.12.026","article-title":"Combination therapy with ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporin versus third-generation cephalosporin monotherapy in Escherichia coli meningitis in infants: a multicentre propensity score-matched observational study","volume":"25","author":"Tauzin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16074","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.74","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial meningitis","volume":"2","author":"van de Beek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00883-7","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial meningitis","volume":"398","author":"van de Beek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61186-6","article-title":"Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis","volume":"380","author":"van de Beek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.01.007","article-title":"ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis","author":"van de Beek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.01.001","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis in patients with HIV: A population-based prospective study","volume":"72","author":"van Veen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1092468\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T13:24:05Z","timestamp":1673357045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1092468\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1092468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1092468","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"article-number":"1092468"}}