{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:35:56Z","timestamp":1793658956643,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(MRSA) is a major pathogen associated with severe morbidity and mortality and poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. The genetic diversity based on sequence types of MRSA strains was illustrated in previous studies; meanwhile, the diversity along with the predominant sequence type, especially in Egypt, remains unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine the diversity of the predominant MRSA clone ST239-MRSA (n = 50) isolated from different hosts and clinical samples and to illustrate the correlation between the resistance patterns, toxin genes, and the genetic background in Port-said and El-Sharkia Governorates, Egypt. The ST239-MRSA clone was analyzed by phenotypic antibiotyping and various genotypic assays comprising SCC<jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>coa<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>coa<\/jats:italic>-RFLP in addition to toxin gene profiles. Most of the analyzed strains (40\/50, 80%) were multidrug resistant (MDR), belonged to SCC<jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>-III,<jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>-I, and<jats:italic>coa<\/jats:italic>genotype I, and harbored<jats:italic>sea<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>pvl<\/jats:italic>genes. A negative correlation between the toxin gene profiles and antimicrobial resistance was recorded. Meanwhile, the correlation between the toxin gene profiles and the genetic background was not observed in this study. Although ST239-MRSA strains belonged to a single sequence type, they exhibited a high degree of phenotypic and genotypic diversity, indicating weak clonality and adaptability. With such diversity, it is assumed that these strains may have undergone different evolutionary processes during transmission events among and\/or within a single host or tissue niche.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.782045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T11:37:06Z","timestamp":1648553826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Clonal Diversity and Epidemiological Characteristics of ST239-MRSA Strains"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marwa I.","family":"Abd El-Hamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa H.","family":"Sewid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Samir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael A. H.","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mosa M.","family":"Bahnass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha A.","family":"Mosbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa M.","family":"Ghaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa A.","family":"Alshareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan M.","family":"Alshareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Ghoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad M.","family":"Al-Sanea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Bendary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.26873\/SVR-649-2018","article-title":"Existence of Vancomycin Resistance Among Methicillin Resistant S. aureus Recovered From Animal and Human Sources in Egypt","volume":"55","author":"Abd El-Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Slov. Vet. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2015.61.4.18","article-title":"Comparative Phenotypic and Genotypic Discrimination of Methicillin Resistant and Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in Egypt","volume":"61","author":"Abd El-Hamid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13170","article-title":"What Is Behind Phylogenetic Analysis of Hospital-, Community- and Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"66","author":"Abd El-Hamid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1159\/000343906","article-title":"Frequency and Clinical Association of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolates: A Study From Kuwait","volume":"22","author":"Alfouzan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54794-8","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kuwait","volume":"9","author":"Alfouzan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01727-12","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of a Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolate From the Respiratory Tract of a Patient in a University Hospital in Northeastern Iran","volume":"50","author":"Azimian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08713-5","article-title":"Genome and Virulence Determinants of High Virulence Community-Acquired MRSA","volume":"359","author":"Baba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2013.04.002","article-title":"Exploring the Costs of Horizontal Gene Transfer","volume":"28","author":"Baltrus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00059-12","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence: A Successful or Deleterious Association in the Bacterial World","volume":"26","author":"Beceiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381.ch21","article-title":"Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Other Catalase-Positive Cocci","volume":"1","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Manual Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2016.62.10.9","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Clinical and Non Clinical Samples in Egypt","volume":"62","author":"Bendary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162744","article-title":"Shifts in the Clonal Distribution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Kuwait Hospitals: 1992-2010","volume":"11","author":"Boswihi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00082","article-title":"Local Diversification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST239 in South America After Its Rapid Worldwide Dissemination","volume":"10","author":"Botelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-12-r126","article-title":"Phylogeographic Variation in Recombination Rates Within a Global Clone of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"13","author":"Castillo-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S178584","article-title":"A Molecular Epidemiological Study of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Contamination in the Airport Environment","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-014-0149-1","article-title":"Insights on Evolution of Virulence and Resistance From the Whole-Genome Analysis of a Predominant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clone Sequence Type 239 in China","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01260-12","article-title":"Accessory Gene Regulator (Agr) Dysfunction in Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates From South Korean Patients","volume":"57","author":"Chong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.3.1001-1012.2006","article-title":"Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Mec (SCC Mec) Typing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated in 11 Asian Countries: A Proposal for a New Nomenclature for SCCmec Elements","volume":"50","author":"Chongtrakool","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005598","article-title":"Anti-Infective Surface Coatings: Design and Therapeutic Promise Against Device-Associated Infections","volume":"12","author":"Coad","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.10.005","article-title":"Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections: A Review of Case Updating and Clinical Features","volume":"21","author":"Cong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2006.17908","article-title":"Microbiological Study on Respiratory Tract Infections in Libya","volume":"24","author":"Eldeeb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Egypt J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus Sequence Typing for Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Clones of Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"38","author":"Enright","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.29.1.26","article-title":"Imipenem-Cilastatin in the Treatment of Methicillin-Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections","volume":"29","author":"Fan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2009.309","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clones From a Teaching Hospital in Tehran","volume":"62","author":"Fatholahzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02238-07","article-title":"Rapid Detection of the Pandemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clone ST 239, a Dominant Strain in Asian Hospitals","volume":"46","author":"Feil","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.11.2415","article-title":"Molecular Survey of Clindamycin and Tetracycline Resistance Determinants in Bacteroides Species","volume":"35","author":"Fletcher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","volume-title":"Twenty-Second Informational Supplement, M100-S22","author":"Franklin","year":"2012"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1198\/000313002533","article-title":"Corrgrams","volume":"56","author":"Friendly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx657","article-title":"Heatmaply: An R Package for Creating Interactive Cluster Heatmaps for Online Publishing","volume":"34","author":"Galili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"3","article-title":"Global Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections and Current Research Trends","volume":"1","author":"Gallagher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03761-2","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae Causing Neonatal Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit, Cairo, Egypt","volume":"39","author":"Ghaith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-01832-z","article-title":"Alternative Therapy to Manage Otitis Media Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Fungi","volume":"202","author":"Ghaly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4060-4067.2002","article-title":"Analysis of the Genetic Variability of Genes Encoding the RNA III-Activating Components Agr and TRAP in a Population of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Cows With Mastitis","volume":"40","author":"Gilot","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155529","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Intensive Care Units in Iran: ST22-SCC Mec IV\/t790 Emerges as the Major Clone","volume":"11","author":"Goudarzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182395","article-title":"Evolution of MRSA During Hospital Transmission and Intercontinental Spread","volume":"327","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13571","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.13571","article-title":"Prevalence and Genotyping of Methicillin-Resistant and-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Patients in a University Hospital, Isfahan, Iran","volume":"10","author":"Havaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01320-14","article-title":"Genetic and Molecular Predictors of High Vancomycin MIC in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Isolates","volume":"52","author":"Holmes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.4.1083-1089.1998","article-title":"Molecular Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Based on PCR Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and DNA Sequence Analysis of the Coagulase Gene","volume":"36","author":"Hookey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.11.2465-2466.1988","article-title":"Numerical Index of the Discriminatory Ability of Typing Systems: An Application of Simpson\u2019s Index of Diversity","volume":"26","author":"Hunter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.65.184","article-title":"Fatal Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients From a Novel ST239 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carrying the Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 Gene in Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Russia","volume":"65","author":"Iwao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0307-z","article-title":"Characterization of the Clonal Profile of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Patients With Early Post-Operative Orthopedic Implant Based Infections","volume":"18","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"JrF. E. H. Package \u2018Hmisc\u20192020"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.6.1549-1555.2000","article-title":"A New Class of Genetic Element, Staphylococcus Cassette Chromosome Mec, Encodes Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"44","author":"Katayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-018-0152-2","article-title":"Pharming Animals: A Global History of Antibiotics in Food Productio","volume":"4","author":"Kirchhelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Palgrave Commun."},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Package \u2018Pheatmap\u2019: Pretty Heat Map","author":"Kolde","year":"2018"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00838","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in a Tertiary Hospital in China","volume":"8","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149844","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequencing for the Investigation of a Hospital Outbreak of MRSA in China","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-41456\/v1","article-title":"Molecular Characterizations, Virulence Determinants and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the North of Iran","author":"Kouhsari","year":"2020"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170.1983","article-title":"Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indexing of Escherichia Coli to Identify High-Risk Sources of Fecal Contamination of Foods","volume":"46","author":"Krumperman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.01995.x","article-title":"Spa Typing Directly From a Meca, Spa and Pvl Multiplex PCR Assay\u2014A Cost-Effective Improvement for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Surveillance","volume":"14","author":"Larsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00557-5","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus of the Clonal Lineage ST5-SCCmecII-T2460 was Associated With High Mortality in a Wuhan Hospital","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630006370","article-title":"Identification of Escherichia Coli Through Analysis of 16S rRNA and 16S-23S rRNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Region Sequences","volume":"6","author":"Magray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970307","article-title":"Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Outside the Health-Care Setting: Prevalence, Sources, and Public Health Implications","volume":"3","author":"McDonald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1032-1035.2000","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for Detection of Genes for Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins, Exfoliative Toxins, Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1, and Methicillin Resistance","volume":"38","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017936","article-title":"A Field Guide to Pandemic, Epidemic and Sporadic Clones of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"6","author":"Monecke","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01436","article-title":"Molecular Typing of ST239-MRSA-III From Diverse Geographic Locations and the Evolution of the SCCmec III Element During its Intercontinental Spread","volume":"9","author":"Monecke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000445","article-title":"Biocompatible Biodegradable Polymeric Antibacterial Nanoparticles for Enhancing the Effects of a Third-Generation Cephalosporin Against Resistant Bacteria","volume":"66","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2008.2930","article-title":"Epidemiologic Genotyping of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)","volume":"8","author":"Ostoji\u0107","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bosnian J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.4.1060-1064.2004","article-title":"Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus by Large Chromosomal Replacements","volume":"186","author":"Robinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2307\/2347973","article-title":"An Extension of Shapiro and Wilk\u2019s W Test for Normality to Large Samples","volume":"31","author":"Royston","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl. Stat."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00209536","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility and Phage Typing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates From Blood Cultures of 692 Patients in 15 Israeli Hospitals","volume":"9","author":"Samba","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"MTBP-0016-2017","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MTBP-0016-2017","article-title":"Fitness Costs of Plasmids: A Limit to Plasmid Transmission","volume":"5","author":"San Millan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B65","first-page":"82","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Strains From a Teaching Hospital in Isfahan, Iran: The Emergence of MRSA ST639- SCCmec III and ST343- SCCmec III","volume":"10","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183607","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Clinical Samples: A Three Year Study in Tehran, Iran","volume":"12","author":"Shekarabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0","article-title":"Measurement of Diversity","volume":"163","author":"Simpson","year":"1949","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5958\/2455-6807.2016.00004.0","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling of Milk Samples From Bovine Clinical Mastitis","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B69","article-title":"A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0116","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates in a Turkish University Hospital Between 2002 and 2012","volume":"22","author":"Tekeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6131.85485","article-title":"Exploring the Therapeutic Effects of Yoga and Its Ability to Increase Quality of Life","volume":"4","author":"Woodyard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028276","article-title":"Genotypes and Toxin Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates From China","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/05a851e1-8627-4ea4-b12a-cfdba09f1e61","article-title":"Comparative Genomics and Drug Resistance of a Geographic Variant of ST239 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Emerged in Russia","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02481.x","article-title":"An Exfoliative Toxin A-Converting Phage Isolated From Staphylococcus aureus Strain ZM","volume":"44","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01927.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Carrying Panton\u2013Valentine Leukocidin Genes Among Isolates From Hospitalised Patients in China","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.02.006","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains From Pet Animals and Veterinary Staff in China","volume":"190","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.10.5026-5033.2005","article-title":"Novel Multiplex PCR Assay for Characterization and Concomitant Subtyping of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Mec Types I to V in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","article-title":"Study of Antibiotic Resistance and Epidemiological Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Bovine Mastitis in Taiwan","author":"Zwjuang","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.782045\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T10:54:38Z","timestamp":1700391278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.782045\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.782045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.782045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"article-number":"782045"}}