{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:46:31Z","timestamp":1789519591742,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic> causes neonatal meningitis and can also infect the adult central nervous system (CNS). <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> can cross the blood-brain barrier but may also reach the CNS <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> other paths. Several species of bacteria can directly invade the CNS <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, which extend between the nasal cavity and brain and injury to the nasal epithelium can increase the risk\/severity of infection. Preterm birth is associated with increased risk of <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> infection and with nasogastric tube feeding. The tubes, also used in adults, can cause nasal injuries and may be contaminated with bacteria, including <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic>. We here investigated whether <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> could invade the CNS after intranasal inoculation in mice. <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> rapidly infected the olfactory nerve and brain. Methimazole-mediated model of nasal epithelial injury led to increased bacterial load in these tissues, as well as trigeminal nerve infection. <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> infected and survived intracellularly in cultured olfactory\/trigeminal nerve- and brain-derived glia, resulting in cytokine production, with some differences between glial types. Furthermore, a non-capsulated <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> was used to understand the role of capsule on glial cells interaction. Interestingly, we found that the <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> capsule significantly altered cytokine and chemokine responses and affected intracellular survival in trigeminal glia. In summary, this study shows that <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> can infect the CNS <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the nose-to-brain path with increased load after epithelial injury, and that the bacteria can survive in glia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.793416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T06:38:30Z","timestamp":1645684710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Streptococcus agalactiae Infects Glial Cells and Invades the Central Nervous System via the Olfactory and Trigeminal Nerves"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anu","family":"Chacko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Delbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indra N.","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Eindorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megha","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"St John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen C.","family":"Ulett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny A. 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