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Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Trypanosomatidae family encompasses unicellular flagellates and obligate parasites of invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. Trypanosomatids are traditionally divided into heteroxenous, characterized by the alternation of the life cycle between an insect vector and a plant or a vertebrate host, including humans being responsible for severe diseases; and monoxenous, which are presumably unique parasites of invertebrate hosts. Interestingly, studies reporting the occurrence of these monoxenous trypanosomatids in humans have been gradually increasing, either associated with <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> co-infection, or supposedly alone either in immunocompromised or even more sporadically in immunocompetent hosts. This review summarizes the first reports that raised the hypothesis that monoxenous trypanosomatids could be found in vertebrate hosts till the most current reports on the occurrence of <jats:italic>Crithidia<\/jats:italic> spp. alone in immunocompetent human patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.804707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T07:22:46Z","timestamp":1644909766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Stroll Through the History of Monoxenous Trypanosomatids Infection in Vertebrate Hosts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Boucinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valter Viana","family":"Andrade-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Ennes-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Helena","family":"Branquinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luis Souza dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Caio","family":"Torres-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Masini","family":"d\u2019Avila-Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.02.014","article-title":"HIV-1 Infection and HIV-1 Tat Protein Permit the Survival and Replication of a Non-Pathogenic Trypanosomatid in Macrophages Through TGF-Beta1 Production","volume":"10","author":"Barreto-de-Souza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(00)90435-8","article-title":"A New Case of Cutaneous Infection by a Presumed Monoxenous Trypanosomatid in the Island of Martinique (French West Indies)","volume":"94","author":"Boisseau-Garsaud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. 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