{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:32:32Z","timestamp":1793413952126,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known about the interactions among phagocytes and antifungal agents and the antifungal immunomodulatory activities on\u00a0<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\u00a0species biofilms. Here, inhibition of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> biofilms and the interactions among biofilms and phagocytes alone or in combination with essential oils, biological, and chemical agents, or fluconazole were investigated. Biofilm formation by a panel of 28\u00a0C<jats:italic>. albicans<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates from hospitalized patients, birds, and cattle was tested. The anti-biofilm activities of cinnamon and clove oils, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> cell-free supernatant (CFS) in comparison with fluconazole were investigated using crystal violet and XTT reduction assays, expression of hypha-specific and hyphal regulator genes, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Of the tested <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> isolates, 15 of 28 (53.6%) were biofilm producers. Cinnamon followed by <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>faecalis<\/jats:italic>\u2013CFS, SDS, and CTAB was the most effective inhibitors of planktonic <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and biofilms. Fluconazole was an ineffective inhibitor of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> biofilms. Sessile minimal inhibitory concentration (SMIC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of cinnamon, SDS, CTAB, and <jats:italic>E. faecalis\u2013<\/jats:italic>CFS downregulated the hypha-specific and regulator genes, albeit to various extents, when compared with untreated biofilms (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). SEM analysis revealed disruption and deformity of three-dimensional structures in cinnamon oil\u2013treated biofilms. <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> sessile cells within biofilm were less susceptible to phagocytosis than planktonic cells. The additive effects of phagocytes and the tested antifungals enabled phagocytes to engulf <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> cells rapidly in cinnamon, <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\u2013CFS, or SDS-treated biofilms. No differences in anti-<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> or anti-biofilm eradication activities were detected among the tested isolates. Our findings reinforce the substantial anti-biofilm activity of cinnamon oil, SDS, and <jats:italic>E. faecalis\u2013<\/jats:italic>CFS and provide new avenues for the development of novel anti-biofilm immunotherapies or antifungals that could be used prior to or during the management of cases with biofilm-associated infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.807218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T05:40:25Z","timestamp":1656654025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Promising Anti-Biofilm Agents and Phagocytes Enhancers for the Treatment of Candida albicans Biofilm\u2013Associated Infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yasmine H.","family":"Tartor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal A.","family":"Elmowalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed N.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Shaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia F.","family":"Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taisir","family":"Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/JOF3030031","article-title":"Macrophage Migration Is Impaired Within Candida albicans Biofilms","volume":"3","author":"Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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