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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The association between the shift in fecal resident microbiome and social conflicts with long-term consequences on psychological plasticity, such as the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is yet to be comprehended. We developed an aggressor-exposed (Agg-E) social stress (SS) mouse model to mimic warzone-like conflicts, where random life-threatening interactions took place between na\u00efve intruder mice and aggressive resident mice. Gradually these Agg-E mice developed distinct characteristics simulating PTSD-like aspects, whereas the control mice not exposed to Agg-E SS demonstrated distinct phenotypes. To further investigate the role of Agg-E SS on the resident microbiome, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was assayed using fecal samples collected at pre-, during, and post-SS time points. A time agonist shift in the fecal microbial composition of Agg-E mice in contrast to its controls suggested a persistent impact of Agg-E SS on resident microbiota. At the taxonomic level, Agg-E SS caused a significant shift in the time-resolved ratios of <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic> abundance. Furthermore, Agg-E SS caused diverging shifts in the relative abundances of <jats:italic>Verrucomicrobia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>. An <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> estimation of genomic potential identified a potentially perturbed cluster of bioenergetic networks, which became increasingly enriched with time since the termination of Agg-E SS. Supported by a growing number of studies, our results indicated the roles of the microbiome in a wide range of phenotypes that could mimic the comorbidities of PTSD, which would be directly influenced by energy deficiency. Together, the present work suggested the fecal microbiome as a potential tool to manage long-term effects of social conflicts, including the management of PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.810815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T05:44:05Z","timestamp":1646113445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Acute and Delayed Effects of Stress Eliciting Post-Traumatic Stress-Like Disorder Differentially Alters Fecal Microbiota Composition in a Male Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Allison","family":"Hoke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabarun","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasha","family":"Hammamieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marti","family":"Jett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00387","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Displays a Particular Time Response to Acute Stress: Variation in its Levels and Activity Distribution in Rat Hippocampus","volume":"9","author":"Aguayo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. 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