{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:35:47Z","timestamp":1793140547597,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cellular components involved in cargo delivery to the extracellular environment, including the fungal cell wall. Their importance in cell\u2013cell communication, cell wall remodeling, and fungal virulence is starting to be better explored. In the human pathogenic <jats:italic>Paracoccidioides<\/jats:italic> spp., our group has pioneered the description of the EV secretome, carbohydrate cargo, surface oligosaccharide ligands, lipid, and RNA content. Presently, we studied the role of fungal EVs in the context of the virulent\/attenuated model of the <jats:italic>P. brasiliensis<\/jats:italic> Pb18 isolate, which consists of variants transiently displaying higher (vPb18) or attenuated (aPb18) virulence capacity. In this model, the virulence traits can be recovered through passages of aPb18 in mice. Here, we have been able to revert the aPb18 sensitivity to growth under oxidative and nitrosative stress upon previous co-incubation with vEVs from virulent vPb18. That was probably due to the expression of antioxidant molecules, considering that we observed increased gene expression of the alternative oxidase <jats:italic>AOX<\/jats:italic> and peroxiredoxins <jats:italic>HYR1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PRX1<\/jats:italic>, in addition to higher catalase activity. We showed that aEVs from aPb18 stimulated macrophages of the RAW 264.7 and bone marrow-derived types to express high levels of inflammatory mediators, specifically, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, MCP-1, and NO. In our experimental conditions, subcutaneous treatment with EVs (three doses, 7-day intervals) before vPb18 challenge exacerbated murine PCM, as concluded by higher colony-forming units in the lungs after 30\u00a0days of infection and histopathology analysis. That effect was largely pronounced after treatment with aEVs, probably because the lung TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IL-6, and MCP-1 concentrations were specially increased in aEV-treated when compared with vEV-treated mice. Our present studies were performed with EVs isolated from yeast cell washes of confluent cultures in Ham\u2019s F-12 defined medium. Under these conditions, vEVs and aEVs have similar sizes but probably distinct cargo, considering that vEVs tended to aggregate upon storage at 4\u00b0C and \u221220\u00b0C. Additionally, aEVs have decreased amounts of carbohydrate and protein. Our work brings important contribution to the understanding of the role of fungal EVs in cell\u2013cell communication and on the effect of EVs in fungal infection, which clearly depends on the experimental conditions because EVs are complex and dynamic structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T06:00:25Z","timestamp":1646028025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles From Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Can Induce the Expression of Fungal Virulence Traits In Vitro and Enhance Infection in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carla Elizabete","family":"Octaviano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadiellen E.","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana","family":"Puccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase In Vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071813","article-title":"Protective Response in Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis Elicited by Extracellular Vesicles Containing Antigens of","volume":"10","author":"Baltazar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Cells"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2006.11.002","article-title":"Identification of Transcription Elements in the 5\u2032 Intergenic Region Shared by LON and MDJ1 Heat Shock Genes From the Human Pathogen Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis. Evaluation of Gene Expression","volume":"44","author":"Batista","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03991-6","article-title":"Pathogen-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Virulence in the Fatal Human Pathogen Cryptococcus Gattii","volume":"9","author":"Bielska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1976.9999","article-title":"A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding","volume":"7","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00437001","article-title":"Virulence of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis: The Influence of In Vitro Passage and Storage","volume":"109","author":"Brummer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020137","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis Protective Immunity","volume":"7","author":"Burger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"585","article-title":"Susceptibility and Resistance of Inbred Mice to Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis","volume":"66","author":"Calich","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.09.008","article-title":"Virulence of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis and GP43 Expression in Isolates Bearing Known PbGP43 Genotype","volume":"7","author":"Carvalho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/02681218780000461","article-title":"Chronic Pulmonary and Disseminated Paracoccidioidomycosis in Mice: Quantitation of Progression and Chronicity","volume":"25","author":"Castaneda","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Med. Vet. Mycol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1021\/pr5002274","article-title":"Exploring Potential Virulence Regulators in Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Isolates of Varying Virulence Through Quantitative Proteomics","volume":"13","author":"Castilho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/foy007","article-title":"Recovery of the Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Virulence After Animal Passage Promotes Changes in the Antioxidant Repertoire of the Fungus","volume":"18","author":"Castilho","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020116","article-title":"Updates in Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation","volume":"7","author":"Chaves","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13217","article-title":"Media Matters! Alterations in the Loading and Release of Histoplasma Capsulatum Extracellular Vesicles in Response to Different Nutritional Milieus","volume":"22","author":"Cleare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14213","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles From Paracoccidioides Pathogenic Species Transport Polysaccharide and Expose Ligands for DC-SIGN Receptors","volume":"5","author":"da Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07763","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Export of Fungal RNA","volume":"5","author":"da Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35867","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles From Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Induced M1 Polarization In Vitro","volume":"6","author":"da Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.12.002","article-title":"Response to Oxidative Stress in Paracoccidioides Yeast Cells as Determined by Proteomic Analysis","volume":"15","author":"de Arruda Grossklaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090754","article-title":"Pathogenic Delivery: The Biological Roles of Cryptococcal Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"9","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.006","article-title":"Immunology of Fungal Infections","volume":"35","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0035-2016","article-title":"The Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function","volume":"5","author":"Gow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(82)90118-X","article-title":"Analysis of Nitrate, Nitrite, and [15N]Nitrate in Biological Fluids","volume":"126","author":"Green","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069590","article-title":"Low Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide or Nitrite Induced of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Cell Proliferation in a Ras-Dependent Manner","volume":"8","author":"Haniu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048570","article-title":"Cryptococcus Neoformans-Derived Microvesicles Enhance the Pathogenesis of Fungal Brain Infection","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02286","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles From Sporothrix Brasiliensis Are an Important Virulence Factor That Induce an Increase in Fungal Burden in Experimental Sporotrichosis","volume":"9","author":"Ikeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00099","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00099-16","article-title":"Potential Roles of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles During Infection","volume":"1","author":"Joffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004442","article-title":"Involvement of a 1-Cys Peroxiredoxin in Bacterial Virulence","volume":"10","author":"Kaihami","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02282801","article-title":"Alterations in the Pathogenicity of One Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Isolate do Not Correlative With Its In Vitro Growth","volume":"111","author":"Kashino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated From Pathogenic Fungi Cultivated Under Stress and Their Role in Cell Communication","author":"Leit\u00e3o","year":"2017"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00394","article-title":"The Human Pathogen Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Has a Unique 1-Cys Peroxiredoxin That Localizes Both Intracellularly and at the Cell Surface","volume":"10","author":"Longo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euprot.2014.03.003","article-title":"Proteome of Cell Wall-Extracts From Pathogenic Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis: Comparison Among Morphological Phases, Isolates, and Reported Fungal Extracellular Vesicle Proteins","volume":"3","author":"Longo","year":"2014","journal-title":"EuPA Open Proteomics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3010001","article-title":"New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology","volume":"3","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Fungi"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj008","article-title":"Cryptic Speciation and Recombination in the Fungus Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis as Revealed by Gene Genealogies","volume":"23","author":"Matute","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-539-8_12","article-title":"Gene Knockdown in Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Using Antisense RNA","volume":"845","author":"Menino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01034","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Transitory Cell Wall Components and Their Impact on the Interaction of Fungi With Host Cells","volume":"7","author":"Nimrichter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137619","article-title":"Macrophage Interaction With Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Yeast Cells Modulates Fungal Metabolism and Generates a Response to Oxidative Stress","volume":"10","author":"Parente-Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070765","article-title":"Comparison of the RNA Content of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides Lutzii","volume":"8","author":"Peres da Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"19","article-title":"Current Status on Extracellular Vesicles from the Dimorphic Pathogenic Species of Paracoccidioides","volume-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.","author":"Puccia","year":"2021"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00080-19","article-title":"A Novel Protocol for the Isolation of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles Reveals the Participation of a Putative Scramblase in Polysaccharide Export and Capsule Construction in","volume":"4","author":"Reis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryptococcus gattii. mSphere"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.654574","article-title":"Small Molecule Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Cryptococcus Gattii: Identification of a Tripeptide Controlling Cryptococcal Infection in an Invertebrate Host Model","volume":"12","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00346","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Fungi: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Rizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12129","article-title":"Cryptococcus Extracellular Vesicles Properties and Their Use as Vaccine Platforms","volume":"10","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30108-2","article-title":"Analyses of the Three 1-Cys Peroxiredoxins From Aspergillus Fumigatus Reveal That Cytosolic Prx1 Is Central to H2O2 Metabolism and Virulence","volume":"8","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2008.10.009","article-title":"Transcription Regulation of the Pbgp43 Gene by Nitrogen in the Human Pathogen Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis","volume":"46","author":"Rocha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00370-07","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Cryptococcus Neoformans Contain Protein Components Associated With Virulence. Eukaryot","volume":"7","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00318-06","article-title":"Vesicular Polysaccharide Export in Cryptococcus Neoformans Is a Eukaryotic Solution to the Problem of Fungal Trans-Cell Wall Transport","volume":"6","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/00362178485380411","article-title":"Chemical Changes in Cell Wall Structure of Five Strains of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis","volume":"22","author":"San-Blas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.15.2.343-346.1977","article-title":"Host-Parasite Relationships in the Yeastlike Form of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Strain IVIC Pb9","volume":"15","author":"San-Blas","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing Real-Time PCR Data by the Comparative CT Method","volume":"3","author":"Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2011.04.002","article-title":"And Rodrigues, F","volume":"25","author":"Sturme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.2.786-793.1998","article-title":"Mapping of the T-Cell Epitope in the Major 43-Kilodalton Glycoprotein of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Which Induces a Th-1 Response Protective Against Fungal Infection in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"66","author":"Taborda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2013.794311","article-title":"Paracoccidioides Lutzii Sp. Nov.: Biological and Clinical Implications","volume":"52","author":"Teixeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2017.05.007","article-title":"Species Boundaries in the Human Pathogen Paracoccidioides","volume":"106","author":"Turissini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00227-10","article-title":"The Pathogenic Fungus Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Exports Extracellular Vesicles Containing Highly Immunogenic \u03b1-Galactosyl Epitopes","volume":"10","author":"Vallejo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039463","article-title":"Lipidomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles From the Pathogenic Phase of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis","volume":"7","author":"Vallejo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1021\/pr200872s","article-title":"Vesicle and Vesicle-Free Extracellular Proteome of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis: Comparative Analysis With Other Pathogenic Fungi","volume":"11","author":"Vallejo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13238","article-title":"Protective Effect of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles Against Murine Candidiasis","volume":"22","author":"Vargas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12374","article-title":"Compositional and Immunobiological Analyses of Extracellular Vesicles Released by Candida Albicans","volume":"17","author":"Vargas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02383","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02383-17","article-title":"The Viscoelastic Properties of the Fungal Cell Wall Allow Traffic of AmBisome as Intact Liposome Vesicles","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/02681218680000711","article-title":"A Comparative Histopathological, Immunological, and Biochemical Study of Experimental Intravenous Paracoccidioidomycosis Induced in Mice by Three Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Isolates","volume":"24","author":"Zacharias","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Med. Vet. Mycol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.3.1225-1233.2003","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Partially Controls Coxiella Burnetii Phase II Infection in Mouse Primary Macrophages","volume":"71","author":"Zamboni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00822-21","article-title":"Comparative Molecular and Immunoregulatory Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles From Candida Albicans and Candida Auris","volume":"6","author":"Zamith-Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.01.011","article-title":"Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: Modulating Host\u2013Pathogen Interactions by Both the Fungus and the Host","volume":"20","author":"Zamith-Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.648524","article-title":"Omics Approaches for Understanding Biogenesis, Composition and Functions of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"12","author":"Zamith-Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26525-z","article-title":"Coordination of Fungal Biofilm Development by Extracellular Vesicle Cargo","volume":"12","author":"Zarnowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006872","article-title":"Candida Albicans Biofilm\u2013Induced Vesicles Confer Drug Resistance Through Matrix Biogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Zarnowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00279-21","article-title":"Cryptococcus Neoformans-Infected Macrophages Release Proinflammatory Extracellular Vesicles: Insight Into Their Components by Multi-Omics","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0538-8","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae are Involved in Cell Wall Remodelling","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834653\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T06:00:33Z","timestamp":1646028033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834653\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834653","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"article-number":"834653"}}