{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:00:40Z","timestamp":1788300040394,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004740","name":"Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004740","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A deep comprehension of the vaginal ecosystem may hold promise for unraveling the pathophysiology of pregnancy and may provide novel biomarkers to identify subjects at risk of maternal-fetal complications. In this prospective study, we assessed the characteristics of the vaginal environment in a cohort of pregnant women throughout their different gestational ages and puerperium. Both the vaginal bacterial composition and the vaginal metabolic profiles were analyzed. A total of 63 Caucasian women with a successful pregnancy and 9 subjects who had a first trimester miscarriage were enrolled. For the study, obstetric examinations were scheduled along the three trimester phases (9-13, 20-24, 32-34 gestation weeks) and puerperium (40-55 days after delivery). Two vaginal swabs were collected at each time point, to assess the vaginal microbiome profiling (by Nugent score and 16S rRNA gene sequencing) and the vaginal metabolic composition (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H-NMR spectroscopy). During pregnancy, the vaginal microbiome underwent marked changes, with a significant decrease in overall diversity, and increased stability. Over time, we found a significant increase of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and a decrease of several genera related to bacterial vaginosis (BV), such as <jats:italic>Prevotella, Atopobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sneathia<\/jats:italic>. It is worth noting that the levels of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> spp. tended to decrease at the end of pregnancy. At the puerperium, a significantly lower content of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and higher levels of <jats:italic>Gardnerella, Prevotella, Atopobium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> were observed. Women receiving an intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for Group B <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> (GBS) were characterized by a vaginal abundance of <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> compared to untreated women. Analysis of bacterial relative abundances highlighted an increased abundance of <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic> in women suffering a first trimester abortion, at all taxonomic levels. <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> abundance was strongly correlated with higher levels of lactate, sarcosine, and many amino acids (i.e., isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan). Conversely, BV-associated genera, such as <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Atopobium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Sneathia<\/jats:italic>, were related to amines (e.g., putrescine, methylamine), formate, acetate, alcohols, and short-chain fatty-acids (i.e., butyrate, propionate).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.838405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T07:37:57Z","timestamp":1652773077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Deep Look at the Vaginal Environment During Pregnancy and Puerperium"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Severgnini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Morselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Camboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Ceccarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Laghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Zagonari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Patuelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Federica","family":"Pedna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Sambri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Foschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Consolandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Marangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036466","article-title":"A Metagenomic Approach to Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiome Signature in Pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Aagaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLos One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000788","article-title":"Glycan Cross-Feeding Supports Mutualism Between Fusobacterium and the Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLos Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15972","article-title":"The Association Between Vaginal Bacterial Composition and Miscarriage: A Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"127","author":"Al-Memar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10090349","article-title":"Identification of Potential Biomarkers in the Cervicovaginal Fluid by Metabolic Profiling for Preterm Birth","volume":"10","author":"Ansari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111723","article-title":"Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium Breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention\/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Bozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010039","article-title":"Lactobacillus Iners and Gasseri, Prevotella Bivia and HPV Belong to the Microbiological Signature Negatively Affecting Human Reproduction","volume":"9","author":"Campisciano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"Correspondence QIIME Allows Analysis of High Throughput Community Sequencing Data Intensity Normalization Improves Color Calling in SOLiD Sequencing","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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