{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:56:56Z","timestamp":1778896616043,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> is a human-specific pathogen that causes gonorrhea, the second most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Disease progression, drug discovery, and basic host-pathogen interactions are studied using different approaches, which rely on models ranging from 2D cell culture to complex 3D tissues and animals. In this review, we discuss the models used in <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> research. We address both <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> (animal) and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cell culture models, discussing the pros and cons of each and outlining the recent advancements in the field of three-dimensional tissue models. From simple 2D monoculture to complex advanced 3D tissue models, we provide an overview of the relevant methodology and its application. Finally, we discuss future directions in the exciting field of 3D tissue models and how they can be applied for studying the interaction of <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> with host cells under conditions closely resembling those found at the native sites of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.840122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T06:09:54Z","timestamp":1644559794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Tissue Models for Neisseria gonorrhoeae Research\u2014From 2D to 3D"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Motaharehsadat","family":"Heydarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"R\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravisha","family":"Rawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Kozjak-Pavlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0079","article-title":"Generation of a Three-Dimensional Collagen Scaffold-Based Model of the Human Endometrium","volume":"10","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interface Focus."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1039\/b813588f","article-title":"Neutrophil Migration Assay From a Drop of Blood","volume":"8","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab. 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