{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:06:11Z","timestamp":1792649171797,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the mid 1980\u2019s, the impact of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome changes during alcohol use disorder has been an area of significant interest. This work has resulted in the identification of specific changes in the abundance of certain members of the GI microbiome and the role these changes play in a variety of alcohol related disorders (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic> alcoholic liver disease). Interestingly, some findings suggest a possible role for the GI microbiome in alcohol addiction or withdrawal. Unfortunately, there is a significant gap in knowledge in this area. Here we describe differences in the GI microbiome of alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals and discuss the possible impact of microbes on the gut-brain axis, which could impact alcohol related behaviors (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic> addiction). Understanding the role of the GI microbiome in alcohol related disorders will potentially lead to the development of successful microbiome-targeted therapeutics to help mitigate these disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.840164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T09:59:23Z","timestamp":1646301563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Alcoholism: Consequences for Health and Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrew Whittier","family":"Day","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Kumamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14383","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Compositional and Functional Fingerprint in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease","volume":"40","author":"Addolorato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1758010","article-title":"Longitudinal Gut Microbiome Changes in Alcohol Use Disorder Are Influenced by Abstinence and Drinking Quantity","volume":"11","author":"Ames","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3449","article-title":"Pathogenic Mechanisms in HBV- and HCV-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Arzumanyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31496","article-title":"A Randomized Clinical Trial of Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"73","author":"Bajaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13498","article-title":"Continued Alcohol Misuse in Human Cirrhosis Is Associated With an Impaired Gut-Liver Axis","volume":"41","author":"Bajaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.03.021","article-title":"Epidemiology and Outcomes of Bloodstream Infection in Patients With Cirrhosis","volume":"61","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"30","article-title":"Jejunal Microflora in Patients With Chronic Alcohol Abuse","volume":"31","author":"Bode","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00049","article-title":"The Vagus Nerve at the Interface of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"12","author":"Bonaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.12.033","article-title":"Difficulties in Emotion Regulation in Treatment-Seeking Alcoholics With and Without Co-Occurring Mood and Anxiety Disorders","volume":"80","author":"Bradizza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","article-title":"Ingestion of Lactobacillus Strain Regulates Emotional Behavior and Central GABA Receptor Expression in a Mouse via the Vagus Nerve","volume":"108","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.99","article-title":"The Liver\u2013Brain Axis in Liver Failure: Neuroinflammation and Encephalopathy","volume":"10","author":"Butterworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.002","article-title":"Alcohol Metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Cederbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.005","article-title":"Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Pathogenesis of Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Disorders","volume":"130","author":"Chambers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24423","article-title":"Characterization of Fecal Microbial Communities in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.09.029","article-title":"The Candida Albicans Exotoxin Candidalysin Promotes Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease","volume":"72","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13568","article-title":"A Comparison of the Gut Microbiome Between Long-Term Users and Non-Users of Proton Pump Inhibitors","volume":"43","author":"Clooney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1652438","article-title":"Thiamine and Phosphate Esters Concentrations in Whole Blood and Serum of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Relation With Cognitive Deficits","volume":"24","author":"Coulbault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Microbiota\u2013Gut\u2013Brain Communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000117","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome and Diet in Psychiatry: Focus on Depression","volume":"28","author":"Dash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet Rapidly and Reproducibly Alters the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1742-x","article-title":"Bacteriophage Targeting of Gut Bacterium Attenuates Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"575","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0359-2","article-title":"Links of Gut Microbiota Composition With Alcohol Dependence Syndrome and Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"5","author":"Dubinkina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039748","article-title":"Increased Oral Detection, But Decreased Intestinal Signaling for Fats in Mice Lacking Gut Microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Duca","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.02.008","article-title":"Ghrelin: From a Gut Hormone to a Potential Therapeutic Target for Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"204","author":"Farokhnia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.09.004","article-title":"Alcohol Use Alters the Colonic Mucosa\u2013Associated Gut Microbiota in Humans","volume":"83","author":"Gurwara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.699253","article-title":"Dynamic Changes of the Fungal Microbiome in Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Hartmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.042","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Determines the Composition of the Murine Gut Microbiome Independently of Obesity","volume":"137","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066019","article-title":"Archaea and Fungi of the Human Gut Microbiome: Correlations With Diet and Bacterial Residents","volume":"8","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0919","article-title":"Debaryomyces Is Enriched in Crohn\u2019s Disease Intestinal Tissue and Impairs Healing in Mice","volume":"371","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0042-3","article-title":"Evidence for Interplay Among Antibacterial-Induced Gut Microbiota Disturbance, Neuro-Inflammation, and Anxiety in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31764-0","article-title":"Immobilization Stress-Induced Escherichia Coli Causes Anxiety by Inducing NF-\u03bab Activation Through Gut Microbiota Disturbance","volume":"8","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G929","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00315.2013","article-title":"Colonic Inflammation and Secondary Bile Acids in Alcoholic Cirrhosis","volume":"306","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.028","article-title":"Evidence That Chronic Alcohol Exposure Promotes Intestinal Oxidative Stress, Intestinal Hyperpermeability and Endotoxemia Prior to Development of Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats","volume":"50","author":"Keshavarzian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2008.08.006","article-title":"Probiotics Restore Bowel Flora and Improve Liver Enzymes in Human Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury: A Pilot Study","volume":"42","author":"Kirpich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/adaw.32988","article-title":"Pandemic Linked to Rise in Alcoholic Hepatitis and Liver Failure","volume":"33","author":"Knopf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcoholism Drug Abuse Wkly."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1027-1","article-title":"Association Between Body Mass Index and Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio in an Adult Ukrainian Population","volume":"17","author":"Koliada","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30832","article-title":"Intestinal Fungal Dysbiosis and Systemic Immune Response to Fungi in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis","volume":"71","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1785251","article-title":"Changes in the Fecal Bacterial Microbiota Associated With Disease Severity in Alcoholic Hepatitis Patients","volume":"12","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13431","article-title":"Executive Functions, Memory, and Social Cognitive Deficits and Recovery in Chronic Alcoholism: A Critical Review to Inform Future Research","volume":"41","author":"Le Berre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11010007","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome and Alcoholic Liver Disease: Ethanol Consumption Drives Consistent and Reproducible Alteration in Gut Microbiota in Mice","volume":"11","author":"LeBrun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108238","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Induced Changes in \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate Metabolism Are Linked to Altered Sociability and Depression in Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"33","author":"Leclercq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415174111","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability, Gut-Bacterial Dysbiosis, and Behavioral Markers of Alcohol-Dependence Severity","volume":"111","author":"Leclercq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01610-5","article-title":"Alterations of Kynurenine Pathway in Alcohol Use Disorder and Abstinence: A Link With Gut Microbiota, Peripheral Inflammation and Psychological Symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Leclercq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000622","article-title":"Alcoholism and Nutrition: A Review of Vitamin Supplementation and Treatment","volume":"23","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity Alters Gut Microbial Ecology","volume":"102","author":"Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"220","article-title":"Relationships Between Nutrition, Alcohol Use, and Liver Disease","volume":"27","author":"Lieber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310585","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to Individual Susceptibility to Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"65","author":"Llopis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00796-x","article-title":"Gastric Acid Suppression Promotes Alcoholic Liver Disease by Inducing Overgrowth of Intestinal Enterococcus","volume":"8","author":"Llorente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060214","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological Properties and Their Involvement in Cancer Development","volume":"10","author":"Marchese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-123","article-title":"The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio of the Human Microbiota Changes With Age","volume":"9","author":"Mariat","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104808","article-title":"Colonization With the Commensal Fungus Candida Albicans Perturbs the Gut-Brain Axis Through Dysregulation of Endocannabinoid Signaling","volume":"121","author":"Markey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76304","article-title":"Gut\/Brain Axis and the Microbiota","volume":"125","author":"Mayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00300-15","article-title":"Identification of Metabolic Signatures Linked to Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii","volume":"6","author":"Miquel","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25518","article-title":"Neurotransmitters: The Critical Modulators Regulating Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"232","author":"Mittal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G966","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00380.2011","article-title":"Colonic Microbiome Is Altered in Alcoholism","volume":"302","author":"Mutlu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01022.x","article-title":"Intestinal Dysbiosis: A Possible Mechanism of Alcohol-Induced Endotoxemia and Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats","volume":"33","author":"Mutlu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agz004","article-title":"Pellagra and Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: Findings From a Tertiary Care Addiction Treatment Centre in India","volume":"54","author":"Narasimha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcoholism"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0597-9","article-title":"The Microbiome\u2013Gut\u2013Behavior Axis: Crosstalk Between the Gut Microbiome and Oligodendrocytes Modulates Behavioral Responses","volume":"15","author":"Ntranos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0704-8","article-title":"Macronutrient Metabolism by the Human Gut Microbiome: Major Fermentation by-Products and Their Impact on Host Health","volume":"7","author":"Oliphant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.10.029","article-title":"Healthy Donor Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Steroid-Ineligible Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis: A Pilot Study","volume":"15","author":"Philips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i23.3729","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Bifidobacteria by Inhibition of LPS-Induced NF-Kappab Activation","volume":"12","author":"Riedel","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00034-10","article-title":"Adaptations of Candida Albicans for Growth in the Mammalian Intestinal Tract","volume":"9","author":"Rosenbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/07347324.2021.1914257","article-title":"The Worsening Outcomes of the COVID-19 Lockdowns on Patients With a History of Alcoholism","volume":"39","author":"Sarangi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcoholism Treat Q."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.013","article-title":"Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans","volume":"164","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.11.001","article-title":"Roseburia Spp. Abundance Associates With Alcohol Consumption in Humans and Its Administration Ameliorates Alcoholic Fatty Liver in Mice","volume":"27","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104699","article-title":"Gut Microbiome-Derived Lactate Promotes to Anxiety-Like Behaviors Through GPR81 Receptor-Mediated Lipid Metabolism Pathway","volume":"117","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31178","article-title":"Fecal Microbiome Distinguishes Alcohol Consumption From Alcoholic Hepatitis But Does Not Discriminate Disease Severity","volume":"72","author":"Smirnova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.02.015","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic Treatment on Deranged Neutrophil Function and Cytokine Responses in Patients With Compensated Alcoholic Cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Stadlbauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12109","article-title":"Microbial Genes, Brain & Behaviour - Epigenetic Regulation of the Gut-Brain Axis: Microbial Genes, Brain & Behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Stilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1004","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00002.2015","article-title":"Decreased Melatonin Secretion Is Associated With Increased Intestinal Permeability and Marker of Endotoxemia in Alcoholics","volume":"308","author":"Swanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1493808","article-title":"A Review of Dietary and Microbial Connections to Depression, Anxiety, and Stress","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.01.007","article-title":"Bifidobacterium With the Role of 5-Hydroxytryptophan Synthesis Regulation Alleviates the Symptom of Depression and Related Microbiota Dysbiosis","volume":"66","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312729","article-title":"Gut Microbiome and Liver Diseases","volume":"65","author":"Tilg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27923","article-title":"Ecophysiological Consequences of Alcoholism on Human Gut Microbiota: Implications for Ethanol-Related Pathogenesis of Colon Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Tsuruya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.03.010","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability and Oxidative Stress in Patients With Alcoholic Pellagra","volume":"25","author":"Varella Morandi Junqueira-Franco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179721","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Altered Gut Microbiota in Mice Lacking Toll-Like Receptor 5","volume":"328","author":"Vijay-Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.024","article-title":"Emerging Roles for the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"81","author":"Vuong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","article-title":"Intestinal Crosstalk Between Bile Acids and Microbiota and Its Impact on Host Metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Wahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12665","article-title":"Review Article: Fungal Microbiota and Digestive Diseases","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"Alcohol Key Facts2018"},{"key":"B81","first-page":"277","article-title":"Alcohol, Oxidative Stress, and Free Radical Damage","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90562","article-title":"Intestinal Fungi Contribute to Development of Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05315","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis Is Linked to Hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00048","article-title":"Metabolism of Dietary and Microbial Vitamin B Family in the Regulation of Host Immunity","volume":"6","author":"Yoshii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.840164\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T09:59:29Z","timestamp":1646301569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.840164\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.840164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.840164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"article-number":"840164"}}