{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:17:20Z","timestamp":1791613040026,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two widespread chronic inflammatory diseases with a previously suggested association. The objective of the current study was to compare the oral microbial composition and host\u00b4s inflammatory mediator profile of saliva samples obtained from subjects with periodontitis, with and without RA, as well as to predict biomarkers, of bacterial pathogens and\/or inflammatory mediators, for classification of samples associated with periodontitis and RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Salivary samples were obtained from 53 patients with periodontitis and RA and 48 non-RA with chronic periodontitis. The microbial composition was identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and compared across periodontitis patients with and without RA. Levels of inflammatory mediators were determined using a multiplex bead assay, compared between the groups and correlated to the microbial profile. The achieved data was analysed using PCoA, DESeq2 and two machine learning algorithms, OPLS-DA and sPLS-DA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differential abundance DESeq2 analyses showed that the four most highly enriched (log2 FC &amp;gt;20) amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in the non-RA periodontitis group included <jats:italic>Alloprevotella<\/jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic> sp., and <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> sp. whereas <jats:italic>Granulicatella<\/jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Megasphaera<\/jats:italic> sp., and <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic> were the most highly enriched ASVs (log2 FC &amp;gt;20) in the RA group. OPLS-DA with log2 FC analyses demonstrated that the top ASVs with the highest importance included <jats:italic>Vampirovibrio<\/jats:italic> sp. having a positive correlation with non-RA group, and seven ASVs belonging to <jats:italic>Sphingomonas insulae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Sphingobium<\/jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Novosphingobium aromaticivorans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Delftia acidovorans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aquabacterium<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Sphingomonas echinoides<\/jats:italic> with a positive correlation with RA group. Among the detected inflammatory mediators in saliva samples, TWEAK\/TNFSF12, IL-35, IFN-\u03b12, pentraxin-3, gp130\/sIL6Rb, sIL-6Ra, IL-19 and sTNF-R1 were found to be significantly increased in patients with periodontitis and RA compared to non-RA group with periodontitis. Moreover, correlations between ASVs and inflammatory mediators using sPLS-DA analysis revealed that TWEAK\/TNFSF12, pentraxin-3 and IL-19 were positively correlated with the ASVs <jats:italic>Sphingobium<\/jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Acidovorax delafieldii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Novosphingobium<\/jats:italic> sp., and <jats:italic>Aquabacterium<\/jats:italic> sp.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that the combination of microbes and host inflammatory mediators could be more efficient to be used as a predictable biomarker associated with periodontitis and RA, as compared to microbes and inflammatory mediators alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.841139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T08:46:11Z","timestamp":1647247571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Salivary Microbiota and Host-Inflammatory Responses in Periodontitis Affected Individuals With and Without Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kaja","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lundmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis F.","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue O. 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