{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:36:32Z","timestamp":1787668592051,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is a zoonotic parasite that infects the brain of humans and causes cerebral toxoplasmosis. The recommended drugs for the treatment or prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis are pyrimethamine (PY) and sulfadiazine (SZ), which have serious side effects. Other drugs available for toxoplasmosis are poorly tolerated. Dihydroquinine (DHQ) is a compound closely related to quinine-based drugs that have been shown to inhibit <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic> in addition to its anti-arrhythmia properties. However, little is known about the effect of DHQ in <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> growth and its mechanism of action <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. In this study, we report the anti-<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> and anti-invasion properties of DHQ. DHQ significantly inhibited <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> tachyzoite growth with IC<jats:sub>50s<\/jats:sub> values of 0.63, 0.67, and 0.00137 \u00b5M at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Under similar conditions, SZ and PY, considered as the gold standard drugs for the treatment of toxoplasmosis, had IC<jats:sub>50s<\/jats:sub> values of 1.29, 1.55, and 0.95 and 3.19, 3.52, and 2.42 \u00b5M, respectively. The rapid dose-dependent inhibition of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> tachyzoites by DHQ compared to the standard drugs (SZ and PY) indicates that DHQ has high selective parasiticidal effects against tachyzoite proliferation. Remarkably, DHQ had an excellent selectivity index (SI) of 149- and 357-fold compared to 24- and 143-fold for PY and SZ, respectively, using fibroblast cells. In addition, DHQ disrupted <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> tachyzoite mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and elicited high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Taking all these findings together, DHQ promises to be an effective and safe lead for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.852889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T18:03:50Z","timestamp":1652292230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii Growth by Dihydroquinine and Its Mechanisms of Action"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aarin M.","family":"Huffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Ayariga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Napier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boakai K.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Abugri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00245","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: A Step Toward Understanding Parasite Pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Abo-Al-Ela","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. 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