{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:08:56Z","timestamp":1790352536673,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81673844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81673844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Changes in the intestinal microenvironment affected bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and spleen deficiency (SD) was closely related to the intestinal microenvironment. In this study, we aimed to explore the aggravation of SD on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and the bone protection of compound Xiong Fu powder (XFP) on CIA with SD (SD-CIA) based on the intestinal microenvironment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>An SD-CIA rat model was established using <jats:italic>Rheum officinale<\/jats:italic> Baill. decoction combined with CIA and then treated with XFP. The aggravating action of SD on CIA rats and the efficacy of XFP were evaluated using AI scores, H&amp;amp;E staining of the joint, and level of serum anti\u2013collagen type II antibody (Col II Ab). Bone destruction was assessed by micro-CT and TRACP staining. In addition, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA were used to evaluate gut mucosal immunity. Moreover, metagenomic sequencing was used to determine the distribution and function of the gut microbiota.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with that in CIA rats, bone destruction in SD-CIA rats was aggravated, as manifested by increased AI scores, more severe joint pathological changes and radiological damage, and increased number of osteoclasts (OCs) in the ankle joint. Meanwhile, the proportion of Tregs\/Th17 cells was biased toward Th17 cells in Peyer\u2019s patches. Furthermore, the gene levels of <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-17<\/jats:italic> were increased. In contrast, the expression of <jats:italic>IL-10<\/jats:italic> and sIgA was decreased in the jejunum and ileum. XFP treatment improved bone damage and intestinal mucosal immune disorders compared with the SD-CIA group. In addition, the distribution and function of the gut microbiota were altered in the SD-CIA group. After XFP treatment, the community and function of the gut microbiota were regulated, manifested as increased abundance of several <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> species, such as <jats:italic>L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic>, which regulates the intestinal Tregs\/Th17 cells and quorum sensing pathways, followed by promoting probiotic adhesion to the intestines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>SD can aggravate bone destruction in CIA rats. Compound XFP may attenuate bone destruction in SD-CIA rats by regulating the intestinal microenvironment. One of the mechanisms is the cross-talk between sIgA secretion regulated by intestinal mucosal Tregs and Th17 cells and adhesion of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> mediated by quorum sensing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.854940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T14:42:16Z","timestamp":1656686536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Xiong Fu Powder Regulates the Intestinal Microenvironment to Protect Bones Against Destruction in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Rat Models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinbin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangchen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danping","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001044","article-title":"A Pulmonary Lactobacillus Murinus Strain Induces Th17 and Ror\u03b3t (+) Regulatory T Cells and Reduces Lung Inflammation in Tuberculosis","volume":"207","author":"Bernard-Raichon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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