{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:10:09Z","timestamp":1788275409017,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common infectious disease of the reproductive tract in women of childbearing age. It often manifests as an imbalance in the vaginal microbiome, including a decrease in <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and an increase in anaerobic bacteria. While <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> spp. are considered a major cause of BV, they are also detected in the vaginal microbiome of healthy women. <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> was the only recognized species of <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> until a recent study characterized three new species, <jats:italic>G. leopoldii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>G. piotii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>G. swidsinskii<\/jats:italic>. This review describes the different types and genetic diversity of <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>, as well as new findings on the correlation between different <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> spp. and BV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.858155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T13:34:40Z","timestamp":1648560880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Research Progress on the Correlation Between Gardnerella Typing and Bacterial Vaginosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hanyu","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3922","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00056-12","article-title":"Comparative Genomic Analyses of 17 Clinical Isolates of Gardnerella Vaginalis Provide Evidence of Multiple Genetically Isolated Clades Consistent With Subspeciation Into Genovars","volume":"194","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.Aog.0000247627.84791.91","article-title":"Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis: 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data","volume":"109","author":"Allsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283021a37","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis and HIV Acquisition: A Meta-Analysis of Published Studies","volume":"22","author":"Atashili","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.066407-0","article-title":"Identification, Quantification and Subtyping of Gardnerella Vaginalis in Noncultured Clinical Vaginal Samples by Quantitative PCR","volume":"63","author":"Balashov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.016","article-title":"Association of Bacterial Vaginosis With Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Among Women in the U.S. Army","volume":"52","author":"Bautista","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-21-4-357","article-title":"A Modified Scheme for Biotyping Gardnerella Vaginalis","volume":"21","author":"Benito","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90381-8","article-title":"The Prevalence, Six-Month Persistence, and Predictive Values of Laboratory Indicators of Bacterial Vaginosis (Nonspecific Vaginitis) in Asymptomatic Women","volume":"150","author":"Bump","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.10.002","article-title":"Genetic Heterogeneity and Taxonomic Diversity Among Gardnerella Species","volume":"28","author":"Castro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.5.3.213","article-title":"Gardnerella Vaginalis: Characteristics, Clinical Considerations, and Controversies","volume":"5","author":"Catlin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cinical Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051100","article-title":"Influence of Anaerobic Conditions on Vaginal Microbiota Recovery From Bacterial Vaginosis Patients","volume":"89","author":"Cereija","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12555","article-title":"Focusing the Diversity of Gardnerella Vaginalis Through the Lens of Eco Types","volume":"11","author":"Cornejo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evolutionary Appl."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(55)90095-8","article-title":"Haemophilus Vaginalis Vaginitis: A Newly Defined Specific Infection Previously Classified \u201cNonspecific\u201d Vaginitis","volume":"69","author":"Gardner","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetrics Gynecol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv041","article-title":"The Role of Infection in Miscarriage","volume":"22","author":"Giakoumelou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-30-1-170","article-title":"Transfer of Haemophilus Vaginalis Gardner and Dukes to a New Genus, Gardnerella: G. Vaginalis (Gardner and Dukes) Comb. Nov","volume":"30","author":"Greenwood","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Systematic Bacteriol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172522","article-title":"The Presence of the Putative Gardnerella Vaginalis Sialidase A Gene in Vaginal Specimens is Associated With Bacterial Vaginosis Biofilm","volume":"12","author":"Hardy","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-375","article-title":"Drawing the Line Between Commensal and Pathogenic Gardnerella Vaginalis Through Genome Analysis and Virulence Studies","volume":"11","author":"Harwich","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu303","article-title":"Gardnerella Vaginalis Does Not Always Cause Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"210","author":"Hickey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2933-8","article-title":"Gardnerella Vaginalis Population Dynamics in Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"36","author":"Hilbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00532-19","article-title":"Resolution and Cooccurrence Patterns of Gardnerella Leopoldii, G. Swidsinskii, G. Piotii and G. Vaginalis Within the Vaginal Microbiome","volume":"87","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection Immun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.02.094","article-title":"L,\u2026 Hemmingsen, S. M","volume":"193","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetrics Gynecol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01028.x","article-title":"Genotypic Differentiation of Gardnerella Vaginalis by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA)","volume":"18","author":"Ingianni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol.  Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200625","article-title":"Phenotypic Characterization of Gardnerella Vaginalis Subgroups Suggests Differences in Their Virulence Potential","volume":"13","author":"Janulaitiene","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2501-y","article-title":"Prevalence and Distribution of Gardnerella Vaginalis Subgroups in Women With and Without Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"17","author":"Janulaitiene","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043009","article-title":"Resolution and Characterization of Distinct Cpn60-Based Subgroups of Gardnerella Vaginalis in the Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Jayaprakash","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.05.006","article-title":"The Global Epidemiology of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"209","author":"Kenyon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetrics Gynecol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00374","article-title":"Competition Among Gardnerella Subgroups From the Human Vaginal Microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infection Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000134783.98382.b0","article-title":"Vulvovaginal Symptoms in Women With Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"104","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12067","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.453654","article-title":"Degradation, Foraging, and Depletion of Mucus Sialoglycans by the Vagina-Adapted Actinobacterium Gardnerella Vaginalis","volume":"288","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.  Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01528","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis Biofilms: Challenges to Current Therapies and Emerging Solutions","volume":"1528","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.2.3.272-275.1975","article-title":"Obligately Anaerobic Strains of Corynebacterium Vaginale (Haemophilus Vaginalis)","volume":"2","author":"Malone","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053506","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokine Biomarkers of Asymptomatic Sexually Transmitted Infections and Vaginal Dysbiosis: A Multicentre Validation Study","volume":"95","author":"Masson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sexually Transmitted Infections"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00168","article-title":"Gardnerella Vaginalis as a Cause of Bacterial Vaginosis- Appraisal of the Evidence From In Vivo Models","volume":"10","author":"Morrill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infection Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy243","article-title":"Identification of Key Bacteria Involved in the Induction of Incident Bacterial Vaginosis: A Prospective Study","volume":"218","author":"Muzny","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz342","article-title":"An Updated Conceptual Model on the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"220","author":"Muzny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02007","article-title":"Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria","volume":"9","author":"Nouioui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-15","article-title":"The Human Microbiome During Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"29","author":"Onderdonk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.4.677-679.1984","article-title":"Biotypes of Gardnerella Vaginalis","volume":"20","author":"Piot","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-119-2-373","article-title":"A Taxonomic Study of Gardnerella Vaginalis (Haemophilus Vaginalis) Gardner and Dukes 1955","volume":"119","author":"Piot","year":"1980","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00940.x","article-title":"Genetic and Biochemical Diversity of Gardnerella Vaginalis Strains Isolated From Women With Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"65","author":"Pleckaityte","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz474","article-title":"Gardnerella Vaginalis Clade Distribution Is Associated With Behavioural Practices and Nugent Score in Women Who Have Sex With Women","volume":"221","author":"Plummer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2019.305474","article-title":"In Silico Analysis of Gardnerella Genomospecies Detected in the Setting of Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"65","author":"Potter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiome of Reproductive-Age Women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.019","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis and its Association With Infertility, Endometritis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease","volume":"224","author":"Ravel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8659-9","article-title":"Is Bacterial Vaginosis a Disease","volume":"102","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5230","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006221","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of NanH2 and NanH3, Enzymes Responsible for Sialidase Activity in the Vaginal Bacterium Gardnerella Vaginalis","volume":"294","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-4-1573","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Atopobium Isolate From the Human Vagina: Description of Atopobium Vaginae Sp. Nov","author":"Rodriguez Jovita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz027","article-title":"Gardnerella and Vaginal Health: The Truth is Out There","volume":"44","author":"Rosca","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-29-3-229","article-title":"Gardnerella Vaginalis has a Gram-Positive Cell-Wall Ultrastructure and Lacks Classical Cell-Wall Lipopolysaccharide","volume":"29","author":"Sadhu","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.12.061","article-title":"Gardnerella Vaginalis Comprises Three Distinct Genotypes of Which Only Two Produce Sialidase","volume":"204","author":"Santiago","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146510","article-title":"Gardnerella Vaginalis Subgroups Defined by Cpn60 Sequencing and Sialidase Activity in Isolates From Canada, Belgium and Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02943-10","article-title":"Molecular Definition of Vaginal Microbiota in East African Commercial Sex Workers","volume":"77","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.02.011","article-title":"Gardnerella Vaginalis Diversity and Ecology in Relation to Vaginal Symptoms","volume":"168","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.10.006","article-title":"Identification of Intrinsically Metronidazole-Resistant Clades of Gardnerella Vaginalis","volume":"84","author":"Schuyler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-135-3-475","article-title":"Electron Microscopy of Adhesive Interactions Between Gardnerella Vaginalis and Vaginal Epithelial Cells, McCoy Cells and Human Red Blood Cells","volume":"135","author":"Scott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03831-w","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Vaginal Microbiota is an Age-Independent Risk Factor for Chlamydia Trachomatis, Mycoplasma Genitalium and Trichomonas Vaginalis Infections in Low-Risk Women, St. Petersburg, Russia","volume":"39","author":"Shipitsyna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-019-00382-5","article-title":"Quantitation of All Four Gardnerella Vaginalis Clades Detects Abnormal Vaginal Microbiota Characteristic of Bacterial Vaginosis More Accurately Than Putative G. Vaginalis Sialidase A Gene Count","volume":"23","author":"Shipitsyna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Diagnosis Ther."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000183594.45524.d2","article-title":"Adherent Biofilms in Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"106","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Coll. Obstetricians Gynecol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15299","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiome in Early Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"126","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gynaecology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256445","article-title":"Prognosis of Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis Based on Longitudinal Changes in Abundance of Lactobacillus and Specific Species of Gardnerella","volume":"16","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoSONE"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.04977.x","article-title":"The Aetiology of Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"110","author":"Turovskiy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27628-3","article-title":"molBV Reveals Immune Landscape of Bacterial Vaginosis and Predicts Human Papillomavirus Infection Natural History","volume":"13","author":"Usyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003200","article-title":"Emended Description of Gardnerella Vaginalis and Description of Gardnerella Leopoldii Sp. Nov., Gardnerella Piotii Sp. Nov. And Gardnerella Swidsinskii Sp. Nov., With Delineation of 13 Genomic Species Within the Genus Gardnerella","volume":"69","author":"Vaneechoutte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000516","article-title":"The Biofilm in Bacterial Vaginosis: Implications for Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment: 2018 Update","volume":"32","author":"Verstraelen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020059","article-title":"Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease","volume":"9","author":"Vestby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029-7844(02)02118-x","article-title":"Lower Genital Tract Infection and Endometritis: Insight Into Subclinical Pelvic Inflammatory Disease","volume":"100","author":"Wiesenfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7010110","article-title":"The Cytolytic Activity of Vaginolysin Strictly Depends on Cholesterol and Is Potentiated by Human Cd59","volume":"7","author":"Zilnyte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700850120","article-title":"The Taxonomic Position of \u201cHaemophilus Vaginalis\u201d [Corynebacterium Vaginale]","volume":"85","author":"Zinnemann","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. PATH BACT"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00851-09","article-title":"Quantitative PCR Assessments of Bacterial Species in Women With and Without Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"48","author":"Zozaya-Hinchliffe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.  Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.858155\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T13:34:43Z","timestamp":1648560883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.858155\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.858155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.858155","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"article-number":"858155"}}