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Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracellular pathogens manipulate the host cell for their own survival by contributing to modifications of host epigenome, and thus, altering expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis. Both ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex and histone modifications has been shown to be involved in the activation of IFN\u03b3 responsive genes. <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> is an intracellular pathogen that causes visceral leishmaniasis. The strategies employed by <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> to modulate the host epigenome in order to overcome the host defense for their persistence has been worked out in this study. We show that <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> negatively affects BRG1, a catalytic subunit of mammalian SWI\/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, to alter IFN\u03b3 induced host responses. We observed that <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> infection downregulates BRG1 expression both at transcript and protein levels in cells stimulated with IFN\u03b3. We also observed a significant decrease in IFN\u03b3 responsive gene, Class II transactivator (<jats:italic>CIITA<\/jats:italic>), as well as its downstream genes, <jats:italic>MHC-II<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>HLA-DR<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>HLA-DM)<\/jats:italic>. Also, the occupancy of BRG1 at <jats:italic>CIITA<\/jats:italic> promoters I and IV was disrupted. A reversal in <jats:italic>CIITA<\/jats:italic> expression and decreased parasite load was observed with <jats:italic>BRG1<\/jats:italic> overexpression, thus, suggesting BRG1 is a potential negative regulator for the survival of intracellular parasites in an early phase of infection. We also observed a decrease in H3 acetylation at the promoters of <jats:italic>CIITA<\/jats:italic>, post parasite infection. Silencing of <jats:italic>HDAC1<\/jats:italic>, resulted in increased <jats:italic>CIITA<\/jats:italic> expression, and further decreased parasite load. Taken together, we suggest that intracellular parasites in an early phase of infection negatively regulates BRG1 by using host HDAC1 for its survival inside the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.860058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T10:52:53Z","timestamp":1648810373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chromatin-Remodeling Factor BRG1 Is a Negative Modulator of L. donovani in IFN\u03b3 Stimulated and Infected THP-1 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Harsimran Kaur","family":"Brar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gargi","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akanksha","family":"Kanojia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evanka","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rentala","family":"Madhubala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohini","family":"Muthuswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"ThermoFisher Understanding Calculations for siRNA Data: % Remaining Gene Expression and % Knockdown"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.018","article-title":"Leishmania Inhibits STAT1-Mediated IFN-Gamma Signaling in Macrophages: Increased Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Dominant Negative STAT1beta by Leishmania Mexicana","volume":"35","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. 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