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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The commensal microbes of the gut microbiota make important contributions to host defense against gastrointestinal pathogens, including <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>, the etiologic agent of cholera. As interindividual microbiota variation drives individual differences in infection susceptibility, we examined both host and <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> gene expression during infection of suckling mice transplanted with different model human commensal communities, including an infection-susceptible configuration representing communities damaged by recurrent diarrhea and malnutrition in cholera endemic areas and a representative infection-resistant microbiota characteristic of healthy individuals. In comparison to colonization of animals with resistant microbiota, animals bearing susceptible microbiota challenged with <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> downregulate genes associated with generation of reactive oxygen\/nitrogen stress, while <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> in these animals upregulates biofilm-associated genes. We show that <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> in susceptible microbe infection contexts are more resistant to oxidative stress and inhibitory bile metabolites generated by the action of commensal microbes and that both phenotypes are dependent on biofilm-associated genes, including <jats:italic>vpsL<\/jats:italic>. We also show that susceptible and infection-resistant microbes drive different bile acid compositions <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> by the action of bile salt hydrolase enzymes. Taken together, these findings provide a better understanding of how the microbiota uses multiple mechanisms to modulate the infection-associated host environment encountered by <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>, leading to commensal-dependent differences in infection susceptibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.861677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T10:04:52Z","timestamp":1651053892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microbiota-Associated Biofilm Regulation Leads to Vibrio cholerae Resistance Against Intestinal Environmental Stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jennifer Y.","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansel","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.036","article-title":"Interpersonal Gut Microbiome Variation Drives Susceptibility and Resistance to Cholera Infection","volume":"181","author":"Alavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu638","article-title":"HTSeq\u2013a Python Framework to Work With High-Throughput Sequencing Data","volume":"31","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00040.2012","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: An Essential Factor in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Diseases","volume":"94","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. 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