{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:43:48Z","timestamp":1789001028359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017958","name":"Health Commission of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Scedosporium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lomentospora<\/jats:italic> infections in humans are generally chronic and stubborn. The use of azoles alone cannot usually inhibit the growth of these fungi. To further explore the combined effect of multiple drugs and potential mechanisms of action, we tested the antifungal effects of tacrolimus (FK506) and everolimus in combination with azoles <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> on 15 clinical strains of <jats:italic>Scedosporium<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Lomentospora<\/jats:italic> species and detected the level of Rhodamine 6G, ROS activity, and apoptosis. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> results showed that the combinations of tacrolimus with itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole showed synergistic effects on 9 strains (60%), 10 strains (73%), and 7 strains (47%), respectively, and the combinations of everolimus with itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole showed synergistic effects on 8 strains (53%), 8 strains (53%), and 7 strains (47%), respectively. The synergistic effects might correspond to the elevated ROS activity (the tacrolimus + itraconazole group compared to the itraconazole group, (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05)), early apoptosis (itraconazole (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and voriconazole (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) combined with everolimus), and late apoptosis (the tacrolimus + itraconazole group compared to the itraconazole group, (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01); the tacrolimus + posaconazole group compared to the posaconazole group, (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05)), but not inhibition of efflux pump activity. Our <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> results suggested that a combination of tacrolimus or everolimus and azoles have a synergistic effect against <jats:italic>Scedosporium\/Lomentospora<\/jats:italic>. The synergistic mechanisms of action might be triggering excessive ROS activity and apoptosis<jats:italic>. In vivo<\/jats:italic>, the survival rate of <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> (sixth instar larvae) was significantly improved by tacrolimus alone, everolimus alone, azoles alone, and tacrolimus and everolimus combined with azoles separately (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05 for the tacrolimus group; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01 for the everolimus group and the itraconazole group; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0001 for the tacrolimus and posaconazole group; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001 for other groups except the everolimus and itraconazole group, everolimus and posaconazole group, and tacrolimus and itraconazole group). From the results, we infer that the combination of tacrolimus or everolimus with azoles has obvious synergistic effect on <jats:italic>Scedosporium\/Lomentospora<\/jats:italic>, and might enhance the level of apoptosis and necrosis. However, the synergistic effects were not related to the efflux pump. In conclusion, from our <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> study, tacrolimus and everolimus combined with azoles may have a synergistic effect in the treatment against <jats:italic>Scedosporium\/Lomentospora<\/jats:italic>, improving the drug activity of azoles and promoting a better prognosis for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.864912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T11:48:05Z","timestamp":1649936885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Synergistic Effect of Tacrolimus (FK506) or Everolimus and Azoles Against Scedosporium and Lomentospora Species In Vivo and In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zikuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00383-13","article-title":"Population-Based Survey of Filamentous Fungi and Antifungal Resistance in Spain (FILPOP Study)","volume":"57","author":"Alastruey-Izquierdo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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