{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:46:29Z","timestamp":1789055189468,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to assess the value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) and its mixed infection in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunosuppressed patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 198 non-HIV immunosuppressed patients with severe pneumonia were enrolled, including 77 PJP patients and 121 patients infected by other pathogens. BALF-mNGS and traditional detection methods were used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The positive detection rate of various pathogens of BALF-mNGS was higher than that of the conventional methods, especially for mixed pathogens. The sensitivity and specificity of BALF-mNGS for the diagnosis of PJP were 97.40% and 85.12%, respectively. Compared with traditional methods, the sensitivity of BALF-mNGS was significantly higher than that of blood fungal G (BG)\/lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and BALF-microscopy (p&amp;lt;0.05), and its specificity was significantly higher than that of BG\/LDH (p&amp;lt;0.05). In addition, the average detection time of BALF-mNGS (32.76 \u00b1 10.32 h) was also significantly shorter than conventional methods (p&amp;lt;0.01), especially for mixed infections that were common in non-HIV immunosuppressed patients. In patients only detected as positive by BALF-mNGS, the underlying diseases mainly manifested as hematological malignancies with agranulocytosis and within 8 months after hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>BALF-mNGS technology is faster, more sensitive, and more comprehensive in detecting P. jirovecii and its mixed infection in immunosuppressed patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.872813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T06:38:41Z","timestamp":1649399921000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Diagnostic Value of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Non-HIV Immunosuppressed Patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"He","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feilong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huize","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2018.12.002","article-title":"Chinese Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV\/AIDS (2018)","volume":"57","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua. 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