{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:48:10Z","timestamp":1753890490235,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adjuvants are used to increase the strength, quality, and duration of the immune response of vaccines. Neutrophils are the first immune cells that arrive at the injection site and can release DNA fibers together with granular proteins, so-called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), to entrap microbes in a sticky matrix of extracellular chromatin and microbicidal agents. Similar extracellular structures were also released by macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils and are now generalized as \u201cETs.\u201d Here we demonstrated that Alum adjuvant stimulation led to peritoneal cells swarming and ET release <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, compared to antigen stimulation alone, ET release was significantly increased after stimulation with antigen-mixed adjuvants and in a time- and dose-dependent manner. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>, we were able to monitor and quantify the continuous changes of the ET release in the same fish by using the small animal <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> imaging instrument at different times during the early stages after intraperitoneal immunization. The results showed that the fluorescence signal of ETs in the peritoneum increased from 0 to 12\u00a0h after injection and then gradually decreased. The fluorescence signals came from extracellular DNA fibers, which are sensitive to DNase I and confirmed by microscopy of peritoneal fluid <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>. In summary, this study introduced a new method for detecting ETs in the peritoneum of fish <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and indicated that ET formation is involved in the immune response at the early stage after intraperitoneal immunization to vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.875409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T14:55:48Z","timestamp":1648652148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vaccine Adjuvants Induce Formation of Intraperitoneal Extracellular Traps in Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiujie","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy Ambli","family":"Dalmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan-yuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhen","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3354\/dao034027","article-title":"Neutrophil and Macrophage Responses to Inflammation in the Peritoneal Cavity of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss. 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