{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:52:58Z","timestamp":1792446778110,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic cutaneous and subcutaneous mycosis caused by black, dimorphic, and filamentous fungi of the <jats:italic>Herpothrichiellaceae<\/jats:italic> family, such as species of the genus <jats:italic>Fonsecaea<\/jats:italic>. These fungi can switch between the saprophytic forms (conidia and hyphae) and the pathogenic form, the muriform cells (MCs), which is considered an essential mechanism for fungal virulence. Nearly all types of cells can produce membranous structures formed by a lipid bilayer that communicate extracellularly with other cells, known as \u201cextracellular vesicles\u201d (EVs), which may act as virulence factors, as observed for several species of pathogenic fungi. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that <jats:italic>F. pedrosoi, F. nubica<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>F. erecta<\/jats:italic> produce EVs in response to nutritional conditions. The EVs varied in sterol and protein contents, size, and morphology. Moreover, the EVs induced different cytokine and nitric oxide release patterns by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The EVs activated IL-1\u03b2 production, possibly acting as the first signal in inflammasome activation. Unlike the pathogenic species, the EVs isolated from <jats:italic>F. erecta<\/jats:italic> did not significantly stimulate TNF and IL-10 production in general. Overall, these results demonstrated that different species of <jats:italic>Fonsecaea<\/jats:italic> produce EVs capable of modulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide production by BMDMs and that growth conditions affected the immunomodulatory capacities of the EVs as well as their size, content, and morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.879018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T05:21:41Z","timestamp":1654752101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pathogenicity and Growth Conditions Modulate Fonsecaea Extracellular Vesicles\u2019 Ability to Interact With Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lucas de Oliveira","family":"Las-Casas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara Luna Freitas","family":"Marina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffael J\u00fanio Ara\u00fajo","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa Coutinho","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f4nia Nair","family":"B\u00e1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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