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Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to public health. Antimicrobial use in animal husbandry is a major concern since it can favor an increase in antimicrobial resistance among farms. Herein, we aim to better understand and characterize the main resistome profiles in microbial communities found in pig farms. Sampling of swine manure was performed in two different timepoints (October 2019 and January 2020) in each of the 14 different swine farms, located in the mesoregion of Western Santa Catarina state in Brazil, a pole of swine product production of worldwide importance. Samples were divided into three groups: farms with the opened regimen and no usage of antimicrobials (F1; n = 10), farms with the closed regimen and usage of antimicrobials (F2; n = 16), and farms with the closed regimen and no usage of antimicrobials (F3; n = 2). The metagenomic evaluation was performed to obtain and identify genetic elements related to antimicrobial resistance using nanopore sequencing. We used ResistoXplorer software to perform composition, alpha and beta diversity, and clustering analysis. In addition, PCR reactions were performed to confirm the presence or absence of seven different beta-lactamase family genes and five phosphoethanolamine transferase gene variants clinically relevant. Our findings based on the identification of resistance genes at the mechanism level showed a prevalence of alteration of the drug target (72.3%) profile, followed by drug inactivation (17.5%) and drug efflux (10.1%). We identified predominantly aminoglycosides (45.3%), tetracyclines (15.9%), and multiclass (11,2%) resistance genes. PCoA analysis indicates differences between F1 and F2 profiles. F2 samples showed increased diversity when compared to the F1 group. In addition, herein we first report the identification of <jats:italic>mcr-4<\/jats:italic> in a slurry sample (C1F1.1) in Santa Catarina State. In general, our findings reinforce that many factors on the practices of animal husbandry are involved in the resistome profile at the mechanism and class levels. Further studies to better understand microbiome and mobilome aspects of these elements are necessary to elucidate transmission pathways between different bacteria and environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.879656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T07:41:19Z","timestamp":1656920479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Different Swine Production Systems Can Shape Slurry Resistome at Mechanism and Class Levels Based on Swine Manure Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lucas Cafferati","family":"Beltrame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caetana Paes","family":"Zamparette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Feltrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Ribeiro","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa Pires","family":"Coltro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Saldanha da Silva","family":"Athayde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilmar Benetti","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deisi Cristina","family":"T\u00e1pparo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamir","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jalusa Deon","family":"Kich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jussara Kasuko","family":"Palmeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glauber","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gislaine","family":"Fongaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Rodrigo","family":"Z\u00e1rate-Blad\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds Cristine Marques","family":"Sincero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Santa Catarina Fecha 2021 Com Saldo Positivo Na Produ\u00e7\u00e3o De Trigo, Frango E Su\u00ednos2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.11.002","article-title":"Weight Gain by Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Productive Animals","volume":"106","author":"Angelakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenes."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6020012","article-title":"Bacteria From Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes","volume":"6","author":"Argud\u00edn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000455","article-title":"Comprehensive Screening of Genomic and Metagenomic Data Reveals a Large Diversity of Tetracycline Resistance Genes","volume":"6","author":"Berglund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbial Genomics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005795","article-title":"Animal-Related Factors Associated With Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in Children Younger Than Five Years in Western Kenya: A Matched Case-Control Study","volume":"11","author":"Conan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. 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