{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T03:05:24Z","timestamp":1779937524466,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accumulating evidence has indicated that persistent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with several cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. However, whether there is a causal association between the level of anti-HCMV immune response and the risk of cardiovascular diseases remains unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with anti-cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels were used as instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of anti-cytomegalovirus IgG levels on 9 cardiovascular diseases (including atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities, rheumatic valve diseases, and non-rheumatic valve diseases). For each cardiovascular disease, Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed. Inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis (IVW) with a random-effects model was used as a principal analysis. In addition to this, the weighted median approach and MR-Egger method were used for further sensitivity analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the IVW analysis, genetically predicted anti-cytomegalovirus IgG levels were suggestively associated with coronary artery disease with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.076 [95% CI, 1.009\u20131.147; p = 0.025], peripheral artery disease (OR 1.709; 95% CI, 1.039\u20132.812; p = 0.035), and deep vein thrombosis (OR 1.002; 95% CI, 1.000\u20131.004; p = 0.025). In the further analysis, similar causal associations were obtained from weighted median analysis and MR-Egger analysis with lower precision. No notable heterogeneities and horizontal pleiotropies were observed (p &amp;gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions\/Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings first provide direct evidence that genetic predisposition of anti-cytomegalovirus IgG levels increases the risk of coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and deep vein thrombosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.884298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T14:36:25Z","timestamp":1656340585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Genetic Predisposition of Anti-Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G Levels and the Risk of 9 Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jiang-Shan","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Meng","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Song","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32567","article-title":"Microbiome, Inflammation, Epigenetic Alterations, and Mental Diseases","volume":"174","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. 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