{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T07:13:50Z","timestamp":1782458030520,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal populations are commonly found in natural environments and present enormous health care challenges, due to increased resistance to antifungal agents. Paeonol exhibits antifungal activities; nevertheless, the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of paeonol against <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> remain largely unexplored. Here, we aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of paeonol against <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and\/or <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> (i.e., against mono- or dual-species). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of paeonol for mono-species comprising <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> were 250\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, whereas the MIC values of paeonol for dual-species were 500\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Paeonol disrupted cell membrane integrity and increased the influx of gatifloxacin into cells of mono- and dual-species cells, indicating an antifungal mode of action. Moreover, paeonol at 8 times the MIC damaged mono- and dual-species cells within <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> biofilms, as it did planktonic cells. In particular, at 4 and 8\u00a0mg\u00a0ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, paeonol efficiently dispersed preformed 48-h biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species cells, respectively. Paeonol inhibited effectively the yeast-to-hyphal-form transition of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and impaired capsule and melanin production of <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>. The addition of 10 MIC paeonol to the medium did not shorten the lifespan of <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>, and 2 MIC paeonol could effectively protect the growth of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>-infected <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, RNA sequencing was employed to examine the transcript profiling of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> biofilm cells in response to 1\/2 MIC paeonol. RNA sequencing data revealed that paeonol treatment impaired biofilm formation of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> by presumably downregulating the expression level of initial filamentation, adhesion, and growth-related genes, as well as biofilm biosynthesis genes, whereas paeonol inhibited biofilm formation of <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> by presumably upregulating the expression level of ergosterol biosynthesis-related genes. Together, the findings of this study indicate that paeonol can be explored as a candidate antifungal agent for combating serious single and mixed infections caused by <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.884793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T06:04:47Z","timestamp":1653026687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Antifungal and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Paeonol Treatment Against Biofilms Comprising Candida albicans and\/or Cryptococcus neoformans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Weidong","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.561298","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Morin Against Candida Albicans Pathogenicity and Virulence Factor Production: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches","volume":"11","author":"Abirami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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