{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:49:17Z","timestamp":1790804957798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.506612\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.506612\/2020-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In early 2020, one of the most prevalent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection was the loss of smell (anosmia), found in 60-70% of all cases. Anosmia used to occur early, concomitantly with other symptoms, and often persisted after recovery for an extended period, sometimes for months. In addition to smell disturbance, COVID-19 has also been associated with loss of taste (ageusia). The latest research suggests that SARS-CoV-2 could spread from the respiratory system to the brain through receptors in sustentacular cells localized to the olfactory epithelium. The virus invades human cells <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the obligatory receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), and a priming protease, TMPRSS2, facilitating viral penetration. There is an abundant expression of both <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic> in sustentacular cells. In this study, we evaluated 102 COVID-19 hospitalized patients, of which 17.60% presented anosmia and 9.80% ageusia. <jats:italic>ACE1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic> gene expression levels in nasopharyngeal tissue were obtained by RT-qPCR and measured using \u0394CT analysis. ACE1 <jats:italic>Alu<\/jats:italic>287bp association was also evaluated. Logistic regression models were generated to estimate the effects of variables on ageusia and anosmia Association of <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic> expression levels with ageusia. was observed (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.098-1.775); however, no association was observed between <jats:italic>TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ACE1<\/jats:italic> expression levels and ageusia. No association was observed among the three genes and anosmia, and the <jats:italic>Alu<\/jats:italic>287bp  polymorphism was not associated with any of the outcomes. Lastly, we discuss whetherthere is a bridge linking these initial symptoms, including molecular factors, to long-term COVID-19 health consequences   such as cognitive dysfunctions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.905757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T04:39:23Z","timestamp":1664426363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Negative correlation between ACE2 gene expression levels and loss of taste in a cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients: New clues to long-term cognitive disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Isabela","family":"Braga-Paz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Locke","family":"Ferreira de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Jos\u00e9","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Eliane","family":"de \u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Gomes","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro Martins","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Santana","family":"de Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renan Pedra","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Bahia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-01049-4","article-title":"Neurological involvement in COVID-19 and potential mechanisms: A review","volume":"34","author":"Aghagoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocrit. 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