{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:13:03Z","timestamp":1790817183364,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK 2203 Pulmosens, 316249678 - SFB 1279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2203 Pulmosens, 316249678 - SFB 1279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacterial AB-type toxins are proteins released by the producing bacteria and are the causative agents for several severe diseases including cholera, whooping cough, diphtheria or enteric diseases. Their unique AB-type structure enables their uptake into mammalian cells\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    sophisticated mechanisms exploiting cellular uptake and transport pathways. The binding\/translocation B-subunit facilitates binding of the toxin to a specific receptor on the cell surface. This is followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Then the enzymatically active A-subunit either escapes from endosomes in a pH-dependent manner or the toxin is further transported through the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum from where the A-subunit translocates into the cytosol. In the cytosol, the A-subunits enzymatically modify a specific substrate which leads to cellular reactions resulting in clinical symptoms that can be life-threatening. Both intracellular uptake routes require the A-subunit to unfold to either fit through a pore formed by the B-subunit into the endosomal membrane or to be recognized by the ER-associated degradation pathway. This led to the hypothesis that folding helper enzymes such as chaperones and peptidyl-prolyl cis\/trans isomerases are required to assist the translocation of the A-subunit into the cytosol and\/or facilitate their refolding into an enzymatically active conformation. This review article gives an overview about the role of heat shock proteins Hsp90 and Hsp70 as well as of peptidyl-prolyl cis\/trans isomerases of the cyclophilin and FK506 binding protein families during uptake of bacterial AB-type toxins with a focus on clostridial binary toxins\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    C2 toxin,\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    iota toxin,\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    CDT toxin, as well as diphtheria toxin, pertussis toxin and cholera toxin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.938015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T01:11:05Z","timestamp":1659575465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Requirement of Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis\/Trans isomerases and chaperones for cellular uptake of bacterial AB-type toxins"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Ernst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/322390a0","article-title":"Botulinum C2 toxin ADP-ribosylates actin","volume":"322","author":"Aktories","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.03.001","article-title":"Binary clostridium difficile toxin (CDT) - a virulence factor disturbing the cytoskeleton","volume":"53","author":"Aktories","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090816-093458","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxin biology","volume":"71","author":"Aktories","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. 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