{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T15:10:52Z","timestamp":1761491452415,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis caused by the protozoan <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is one of the most common parasitic diseases in humans and almost all warm-blooded animals. Lys, Glu, and Gln-specific tRNAs contain a super-modified 2-thiourea (s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>U) derivatives at the position 34, which is essential for all living organisms by maintaining the structural stability and aminoacylation of tRNA, and the precision and efficiency of codon recognition during protein translation. However, the enzyme(s) involved in this modification in <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> remains elusive. In this report, three putative tRNA-specific 2-thiolation enzymes were identified, of which two were involved in the s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>U34 modification of tRNA<jats:sup>Lys<\/jats:sup>, tRNA<jats:sup>Glu<\/jats:sup>, and tRNA<jats:sup>Gln<\/jats:sup>. One was named <jats:italic>Tg<\/jats:italic>MnmA, an apicoplast-located tRNA-specific 2-thiolation enzyme in <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. Knockout of <jats:italic>TgMnmA<\/jats:italic> showed that this enzyme is important for the lytic cycle of tachyzoites. Loss of <jats:italic>Tg<\/jats:italic>MnmA also led to abnormities in apicoplast biogenesis and severely disturbed apicoplast genomic transcription. Notably, mice survived from the infection with 10 <jats:italic>Tg<\/jats:italic>MnmA-KO RH tachyzoites. These findings provide new insights into s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>U34 tRNA modification in Apicomplexa, and suggest <jats:italic>Tg<\/jats:italic>MnmA, the first apicoplast tRNA thiouridylase identified in all apicomplexans, as a potential drug target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.947039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T05:04:40Z","timestamp":1660539880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The first apicoplast tRNA thiouridylase plays a vital role in the growth of Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yimin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueqiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"XianFeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxiu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiyin","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangxu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aifang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh185","article-title":"Decoding the genome: A modified view","volume":"32","author":"Agris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10147","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421374112","article-title":"Genomic perspectives on the birth and spread of plastids","volume":"112","author":"Archibald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. 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