{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:58:30Z","timestamp":1790873910882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) versus conventional microbiological tests (CMTs) for pediatric pneumonia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective observational study enrolled 103 children who were diagnosed with pneumonia and hospitalized at Hubei Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital between 15 October 2020 and 15 February 2022. The pneumonia diagnosis was based on clinical manifestations, lung imaging, and microbiological tests. Pathogens in the lower respiratory tract were detected using CMTs and BALF mNGS (of DNA and RNA). The diagnostic performance of BALF mNGS was compared with that of CMTs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 96 patients, pathogens were identified by microbiological tests. The overall pathogen detection rate of mNGS was significantly higher than that of CMTs (91.3% vs. 59.2%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.000). The diagnostic performance of mNGS varied for different pathogens; however, its sensitivity and accuracy for diagnosing bacterial and viral infections were both higher than those of CMTs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.000). For the diagnosis of fungi, the sensitivity of mNGS (87.5%) was higher than that of CMTs (25%); however, its specificity and accuracy were lower than those of CMTs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). For the diagnosis of <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, the specificity (98.8%) and accuracy (88.3%) of mNGS were high; however, its sensitivity (42.1%) was significantly lower than that of CMTs (100%) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). In 96 patients with definite pathogens, 52 cases (50.5%) were infected with a single pathogen, while 44 cases (42.7%) had polymicrobial infections. Virus\u2013bacteria and virus\u2013virus co-infections were the most common. <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>, rhinovirus, cytomegalovirus, parainfluenza virus, and fungi were more likely to be associated with polymicrobial infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>BALF mNGS improved the detection rate of pediatric pneumonia, especially in mixed infections. The diagnostic performance of BALF mNGS varies according to pathogen type. mNGS can be used to supplement CMTs. A combination of mNGS and CMTs may be the best diagnostic strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.950531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T13:56:30Z","timestamp":1666878990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing in pediatric pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0487-y","article-title":"Improved characterization of medically relevant fungi in the human respiratory tract using next-generation sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Bittinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.541092","article-title":"Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pulmonary infectious pathogens from bronchoalveolar lavage samples","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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