{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T21:12:57Z","timestamp":1787778777880,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Central nervous system (CNS) infections pose a fatal risk to patients. However, the limited sample volumes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and low detection efficiency seriously hinder the accurate detection of pathogens using conventional methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the performance of metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in diagnosing CNS infections. CSF samples from 390 patients clinically diagnosed with CNS infections were used for the mNGS of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =394) and whole-cell DNA (wcDNA) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =150).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sensitivity of mNGS using cfDNA was 60.2% (237\/394, 95% confidence interval [CI] 55.1%\u201365.0%), higher than that of mNGS using wcDNA (32.0%, 95% [CI] 24.8%\u201340.2%, 48\/150) and conventional methods (20.9%, 95% [CI] 16.2%\u201326.5%, 54\/258) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01, respectively). The accuracy of mNGS using cfDNA in positive samples was 82.6%. Most of viral (72.6%) and mycobacterial (68.8%) pathogens were only detected by the mNGS of cfDNA. Meningitis and encephalitis with <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection might be more likely to result in critically ill diseases, while Human alphaherpesvirus 3 was prone to cause non-critically ill diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first report on evaluating and emphasizing the importance of mNGS using CSF cfDNA in diagnosing CNS infections, and its extensive application in diagnosing CNS infections could be expected, especially for viral and mycobacterial CNS infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.951703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T05:53:42Z","timestamp":1664258022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cell-free and  whole-cell DNA in diagnosing central nervous system infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lili","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiemin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaixuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0046-y","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis: diagnosis and management update","volume":"2","author":"Abassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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