{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:40:47Z","timestamp":1787784047889,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Siderophore is necessary for the survival of microorganisms and is interregulated with quorum sensing (QS) systems. It is related to growth, proliferation, virulence, and other bacterial social activities as a virulence factor. Thus, we speculated that the QS system could be occluded by inhibiting siderophore production. 2-Hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (HMMN), one siderophore inhibitor of <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> PAO1 (<jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> PAO1), was obtained by using the Chromeazurol S (CAS) method. We found that HMMN inhibited siderophore production and influenced the biological effects of QS regulation, including biofilm formation and pyocyanin production. HMMN (150 \u03bcg\/ml) inhibited the siderophore production of <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> PAO1 by 69.37%. In addition, HMMN could inhibit pyocyanin production and biofilm formation and erase the formed biofilm of <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> PAO1. HMMN (150 \u03bcg\/ml) inhibited the biofilm formation of <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> PAO1 by 28.24%. The erasure rate of the formed biofilm reached 17.03%. Furthermore, HMMN (150 \u03bcg\/ml) inhibited <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> PAO1 pyocyanin production by 36.06%. Meanwhile, positive-control hordenine (500.0 \u03bcg\/ml) reduced the biofilm formation and pyocyanin production of <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> PAO1 by 14.42% and 34.35%, respectively. The erasure rate of hordenine to the formed biofilm is 11.05% at 500 \u03bcg\/ml. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that HMMN downregulates not only siderophore-related genes but also QS-related genes, as well as hordenine. These results suggest that a siderophore inhibitor could be used as a QS inhibitor to occlude the QS system and reduce virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.955952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:46:00Z","timestamp":1662612360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["2-Hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, one siderophore inhibitor, occludes quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lujun","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Sheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Qun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00845.x","article-title":"A role for TonB1 in biofilm formation and quorum sensing in pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"274","author":"Abbas","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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