{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T08:29:21Z","timestamp":1768638561404,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020704","name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic diseases have a major impact on human and animal health worldwide. Despite the availability of effective anti-parasitic drugs, their excessive and uncontrolled use has promoted the emergence of drug resistance, severely affecting ecosystems and human health. Thus, developing environmentally friendly antiparasitic treatments is urgently needed. <jats:italic>Carica papaya<\/jats:italic> has shown promising effects against infectious diseases. <jats:italic>C. papaya<\/jats:italic> embryogenic calluses were genetically modified by our research team to insert immunogenic peptides with the goal of developing an oral anti-cysticercosis vaccine. Among these callus cell lines, one labeled as CF-23, which expresses the KETc7 immunogenic peptide, induced the highest protection levels against experimental cysticercosis.  In the process of designing a natural antiparasitic product based on <jats:italic>C. papaya<\/jats:italic> that simultaneously induced immunity against cysticercosis, both transformed (SF-23) and untransformed (SF-WT) suspension cultures were produced and optimized. Our results showed a better duplication time (td) for SF-23 (6.9 days) than SF-WT (13.02 days); thus, the SF-23 line was selected for scale-up in a 2-L airlift bioreactor, reaching a td of 4.4 days. This is the first time that a transgenic line of <jats:italic>C. papaya<\/jats:italic> has been grown in an airlift bioreactor, highlighting its potential for scale-up cultivation in this type of reactor. Considering the previously reported nematocidal activity of <jats:italic>C. papaya<\/jats:italic> tissues, their activity against the nematode <jats:italic>Haemonchus contortus<\/jats:italic> of aqueous extracts of SF-WT and SF-23 was explored in this study, with promising results. The information herein reported will allow us to continue the cultivation of the transgenic cell suspension line of <jats:italic>C. papaya<\/jats:italic> under reproducible conditions, to develop a new anti-parasitic product.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.958741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T08:44:57Z","timestamp":1662626697000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Improvement of cell suspension cultures of transformed and untransformed Carica papaya cell lines, towards the development of an antiparasitic product against the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anabel","family":"Ortiz Caltempa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marisela","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Lilia","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores Adriana","family":"Ay\u00f3n-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gladis","family":"Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal J.","family":"Bobes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Eugenia","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edda","family":"Sciutto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Villareal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.05.003","article-title":"Natural plant cysteine proteinases as anthelmintics","volume":"20","author":"Stepek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.12.008","article-title":"Anthelmintic effect and tissue alterations induced in vitro by hydrolysable tannins on the adult stage of the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus","volume":"266","author":"Acevedo-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. 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