{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:08:31Z","timestamp":1781554111336,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine recognized regulator of the inflammatory immune response associated with several immune cells that produce inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-\u03b1. This study aimed to understand the effect of MIF on the immune response and pathogenesis during<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>infection. Wild-type (Wt) and MIF knockout (<jats:italic>Mif<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>) mice were intravenously infected with 1\u00d710<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>Plasmodium yoelii<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Py<\/jats:italic>) 17XL-parasitized red blood cells. Our data showed that<jats:italic>Py<\/jats:italic>17XL-infected Wt mice died 11 days postinfection, while<jats:italic>Mif<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice showed reduced parasitemia and an increase in their survival at day 11 up to 58%, importantly they succumb up to day 21 postinfection. The increased survival rate in<jats:italic>Mif<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice was associated with less severe cachexia and anemia as a result of a mixed Th1\/Th2 cytokine profile, high levels of IL-12, IL-17\/IL-4, and IL-10 in serum; and high levels of IL-4 and IL-10, and low levels of IFN-\u03b3 in spleen cells compared to<jats:italic>Py<\/jats:italic>17XL infected Wt mice. Moreover, macrophages (M\u03c6s) from<jats:italic>Mif<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice exhibited higher concentrations of IL-10 and IL-12 and reduced levels of TNF-\u03b1 and nitric oxide (NO) compared to<jats:italic>Py<\/jats:italic>17XL-infected Wt mice. These results demonstrate that MIF has an important role in regulating the immune response associated with host pathogenesis and lethality, which is relevant to consider in preventing\/reducing complications in<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.968422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T06:14:57Z","timestamp":1661321697000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Macrophage migration inhibitory factor contributes to immunopathogenesis during Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"V\u00edctor H.","family":"Salazar-Casta\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imelda","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Avelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Legorreta-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Rodriguez-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12602","article-title":"Plasmodium yoelii infection of BALB\/c mice results in expansion rather than induction of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells","volume":"148","author":"Abel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.2.747","article-title":"Regulation of the CTL response by macrophage migration inhibitory factor","volume":"166","author":"Abe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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